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By: Guest Date: Tue Feb 3 15:26:43 2009
The Scientific 100:
A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present
The list below is from the book The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present, Citadel Press (2000), written by John Galbraith Simmons.
1 Isaac Newton the Newtonian Revolution Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism, i.e., Athanasianism;
believed in the Arianism of the Primitive Church)
2 Albert Einstein Twentieth-Century Science Jewish
3 Neils Bohr the Atom Jewish Lutheran
4 Charles Darwin Evolution Anglican (nominal); Unitarian
5 Louis Pasteur the Germ Theory of Disease Catholic
6 Sigmund Freud Psychology of the Unconscious Jewish; Atheist; Freudian psychoanalysis (Freudianism)
7 Galileo Galilei the New Science Catholic
8 Antoine Laurent Lavoisier the Revolution in Chemistry Catholic
9 Johannes Kepler Motion of the Planets Lutheran
10 Nicolaus Copernicus the Heliocentric Universe Catholic (priest)
11 Michael Faraday the Classical Field Theory Sandemanian
12 James Clerk Maxwell the Electromagnetic Field Presbyterian; Anglican; Baptist
13 Claude Bernard the Founding of Modern Physiology
14 Franz Boas Modern Anthropology Jewish
15 Werner Heisenberg Quantum Theory Lutheran
16 Linus Pauling Twentieth-Century Chemistry Lutheran
17 Rudolf Virchow the Cell Doctrine
18 Erwin Schrodinger Wave Mechanics Catholic
19 Ernest Rutherford the Structure of the Atom
20 Paul Dirac Quantum Electrodynamics
21 Andreas Vesalius the New Anatomy Catholic
22 Tycho Brahe the New Astronomy Lutheran
23 Comte de Buffon l'Histoire Naturelle
24 Ludwig Boltzmann Thermodynamics
25 Max Planck the Quanta Protestant
26 Marie Curie Radioactivity Catholic (lapsed)
27 William Herschel the Discovery of the Heavens Jewish
28 Charles Lyell Modern Geology
29 Pierre Simon de Laplace Newtonian Mechanics atheist
30 Edwin Hubble the Modern Telescope
31 Joseph J. Thomson the Discovery of the Electron
32 Max Born Quantum Mechanics Jewish Lutheran
33 Francis Crick Molecular Biology atheist
34 Enrico Fermi Atomic Physics Catholic
35 Leonard Euler Eighteenth-Century Mathematics Calvinist
36 Justus Liebig Nineteenth-Century Chemistry
37 Arthur Eddington Modern Astronomy Quaker
38 William Harvey Circulation of the Blood Anglican (nominal)
39 Marcello Malpighi Microscopic Anatomy Catholic
40 Christiaan Huygens the Wave Theory of Light Calvinist
41 Carl Gauss (Karl Friedrich Gauss) Mathematical Genius Lutheran
42 Albrecht von Haller Eighteenth-Century Medicine
43 August Kekule Chemical Structure
44 Robert Koch Bacteriology
45 Murray Gell-Mann the Eightfold Way Jewish
46 Emil Fischer Organic Chemistry
47 Dmitri Mendeleev the Periodic Table of Elements
48 Sheldon Glashow the Discovery of Charm Jewish
49 James Watson the Structure of DNA atheist
50 John Bardeen Superconductivity
51 John von Neumann the Modern Computer Jewish Catholic
52 Richard Feynman Quantum Electrodynamics Jewish
53 Alfred Wegener Continental Drift
54 Stephen Hawking Quantum Cosmology atheist
55 Anton van Leeuwenhoek the Simple Microscope Dutch Reformed
56 Max von Laue X-ray Crystallography
57 Gustav Kirchhoff Spectroscopy
58 Hans Bethe the Energy of the Sun Jewish
59 Euclid the Foundations of Mathematics Platonism / Greek philosophy
60 Gregor Mendel the Laws of Inheritance Catholic (Augustinian monk)
61 Heike Kamerlingh Onnes Superconductivity
62 Thomas Hunt Morgan the Chromosomal Theory of Heredity
63 Hermann von Helmholtz the Rise of German Science
64 Paul Ehrlich Chemotherapy Jewish
65 Ernst Mayr Evolutionary Theory atheist
66 Charles Sherrington Neurophysiology
67 Theodosius Dobzhansky the Modern Synthesis Russian Orthodox
68 Max Delbruck the Bacteriophage
69 Jean Baptiste Lamarck the Foundations of Biology
70 William Bayliss Modern Physiology
71 Noam Chomsky Twentieth-Century Linguistics Jewish atheist
72 Frederick Sanger the Genetic Code
73 Lucretius Scientific Thinking Epicurean; atheist
74 John Dalton the Theory of the Atom Quaker
75 Louis Victor de Broglie Wave/Particle Duality
76 Carl Linnaeus the Binomial Nomenclature Christianity
77 Jean Piaget Child Development
78 George Gaylord Simpson the Tempo of Evolution
79 Claude Levi-Strauss Structural Anthropology Jewish
80 Lynn Margulis Symbiosis Theory Jewish
81 Karl Landsteiner the Blood Groups Jewish
82 Konrad Lorenz Ethology
83 Edward O. Wilson Sociobiology
84 Frederick Gowland Hopkins Vitamins
85 Gertrude Belle Elion Pharmacology
86 Hans Selye the Stress Concept
87 J. Robert Oppenheimer the Atomic Era Jewish
88 Edward Teller the Bomb Jewish
89 Willard Libby Radioactive Dating
90 Ernst Haeckel the Biogenetic Principle
91 Jonas Salk Vaccination Jewish
92 Emil Kraepelin Twentieth-Century Psychiatry
93 Trofim Lysenko Soviet Genetics Russian Orthodox; Communist
94 Francis Galton Eugenics
95 Alfred Binet the I.Q. Test
96 Alfred Kinsey Human Sexuality atheist
97 Alexander Fleming Penicillin Catholic
98 B. F. Skinner Behaviorism atheist
99 Wilhelm Wundt the Founding of Psychology atheist
100 Archimedes the Beginning of Science Greek philosophy
100 Scientists Who Shaped World History
The list below is from the book 100 Scientists Who Shaped World History (Bluewood Books: San Francisco, CA, © 2000), written by John Hudson Tiner.
The names in this list are listed in chronological order. This book does not purport to list the "most influential" scientists in history, although these are presumably among them. The names listed are not ranked in any way relative to each other. The back cover states:
100 Scientists Who Shaped World History is a fascinating book about the men and women who made significant impacts upon our understanding of the world around us. This chronologically-organized book provides capsule biographies of important scientists and describes how their contributions have shaped the world in which we live.
Pythagoras c. 580 B.C.-C. 500 B.C.
Hippocates c. 460 B.C.-377 B.C.
Aristotle 384 B.C.-322 B.C. Platonism / Greek philosophy
Euclid c. 325 B.C.-270 B.C. Platonism / Greek philosophy
Archimedes c. 287-c. 212 B.C. Greek philosophy
Eratosthenes c. 276 B.C.-c. 196 B.C.
Galen c. A.D. 130-c. 216
Hakim Ibn-e-Sina A.D. 980-1037 Islam
Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 Catholic (priest)
Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 Catholic
Gallileo Galilei 1564-1642 Catholic
Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 Lutheran
William Harvey 1578-1657 Anglican (nominal)
Rene Descartes 1596-1650 Catholic
Blaise Pascal 1623-1662 Jansenist
Robert Boyle 1627-1691 Anglican
Christian Huygens 1632-1695 Calvinist
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 Dutch Reformed
Robert Hooke 1635-1703 Anglican
Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism, i.e., Athanasianism;
believed in the Arianism of the Primitive Church)
Edmund Halley 1656-1742
Daniel Bernoulli 1700-1782 Calvinist
Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790 Presbyterian; Deist
Leonard Euler 1707-1783 Calvinist
Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 Christianity
Henry Cavendish 1731-1810
Joseph Priestley 1733-1804 Presbyterian; unitarian
William Herschel 1738-1822 Jewish
Antoine Laurent Lavoisier 1743-1794 Catholic
Alessandro Volta 1746-1827 Catholic
Edward Jenner 1749-1823 Anglican
John Dalton 1766-1844 Quaker
Georges Cuvier 1769-1832 Lutheran
Alexander von Humboldt 1769-1859
Karl Friedrich Gauss 1777-1855 Lutheran
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac 1778-1850
Humphry Davy 1778-1829
Jons Jakob Berzelius 1779-1848
Michael Faraday 1791-1867 Sandemanian
Charles Babbage 1792-1871 Anglican
Joseph Henry 1797-1878 Presbyterian
Matthew Fontaine Maury 1806-1873
Louis Agassiz 1807-1873 Lutheran
Charles Darwin 1809-1882 Anglican (nominal); Unitarian
Augusta Ada Byron 1815-1852
James Prescott Joule 1818-1868
Jean Bernard Leon Foucault 1819-1868
Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 Catholic (Augustinian monk)
Louis Pasteur 1822-1895 Catholic
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin 1824-1907 Anglican
Joseph Lister 1827-1912 Quaker
Friedrich August Kekule 1829-1896
James Clerk Maxwell 1831-1879 Presbyterian; Anglican; Baptist
Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev 1834-1907
William Henry Perkin 1838-1907
Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen 1845-1923
Thomas Alva Edison 1847-1931 Congregationalist; agnostic
Luther Burbank 1849-1923 Unitarian
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov 1849-1936
John Ambrose Fleming 1849-1945
William Ramsay 1852-1916
Antoine-Henri Becquerel 1852-1908 Catholic
Albert Abraham Michelson 1852-1908 Jewish
Sigmnd Freud 1856-1939 Jewish; Atheist; Freudian psychoanalysis (Freudianism)
Joseph John Thomson 1856-1940
Nettie Marie Stevens 1861-1912
George Washington Carver 1864-1943 Christianity
Marie Sklodowska Curie 1867-1934 Catholic (lapsed)
Henrietta Swan Leavitt 1868-1921 Protestant
Ernst Rutherford 1871-1937
Lise Meitner 1878-1968 Jewish-born Protestant
Albert Einstein 1879-1955 Jewish
Alexander Fleming 1881-1955 Catholic
Niels Bohr 1885-1962 Jewish Lutheran
Selman Abraham Waksman 1888-1973 Jewish
Edwin Powell Hubble 1889-1953
Robert Alexander Watson-Watt 1892-1973
Arthur Holly Compton 1892-1962 Presbyterian
Irene Joliot-Curie 1897-1956
Linus Carl Pauling 1901-1994 Lutheran
Enrico Fermi 1901-1954 Catholic
Werner Heisenberg 1901-1967 Lutheran
Margaret Mead 1901-1978 Episcopalian
Barbara McClintock 1902-1992
Grace Brewster Murray Hopper 1906-1992 Jewish
Marie Goeppert-Mayer 1906-1972
John Bardeen 1908-1991
William Bradford Shockley 1910-1989
Dorothy Crowfood Hodgkin 1910-1994
Jaques Yves Cousteau 1910-1997
Luis Walter Alvarez 1911-1988
Charles Hard Townes 1915-
Richard Philipis Feynman 1918-1988 Jewish
Frederick Sanger 1918-
Rosalind Elsie Franklin 1920-1958 Jewish
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow 1921- Jewish
Har Gobind Khorana 1922- Hindu
Tsung-Dao Lee 1926-
James Dewey Watson 1928-
Stephen William Hawking 1942- atheist
Science:
100 Scientists Who Changed the World
The list below is from the book Science: 100 Scientists Who Changed the World (Enchanted Lion Books: New York, 2003), written by John Balchin.
The names in this list are listed in chronological order. This book does not purport to list the "most influential" scientists in history, although these are presumably among them. The back cover states:
"If I saw further than others," said Sir Isaac Newton, "it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants." Science introduces one hundred of these giants and examines their achievements: the men and women who, often in the face of extreme scepticism or worse, have striven and succeeded in pushing back the boundaries of human knowledge.
Ranging across the spectrum of scientific endeavour, from the cosmology of Copernicus and Galileo, through the medical revolutions of Hippocrates and Galen, it includes the fields of physics, biology, chemistry and genetics.
This is the story of the ideas that have shaped the world today, and the ideas that will shape the future.
Anaximander c. 611-547 B.C.
Pythagoras c. 581-497 B.C.
Hippocrates of Cos c. 460-377 B.C.
Democritus of Abdera c. 460-370 B.C.
Plato c. 427-347 B.C. Platonism / Greek philosophy
Aristotle c. 384-322 B.C. Platonism / Greek philosophy
Euclid c. 330-260 B.C. Platonism / Greek philosophy
Archimedes c. 287-212 B.C. Greek philosophy
Hipparchus c. 170-125 B.C.
Zhang Heng 78-139 A.D.
Ptolemy 90-168 A.D.
Galen of Pergamum 130-201 A.D.
Al-Khwarizmi 800-850 Islam
Johannes Gutenberg 1400-1468 Catholic
Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Catholic
Nicolas Copernicus 1473-1543 Catholic (priest)
Andreas Vesalius 1514-1564 Catholic
William Gilbert 1540-1603
Francis Bacon 1561-1626 Anglican
Galileo Galileo 1564-1642 Catholic
Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 Lutheran
William Harvey 1578-1657 Anglican (nominal)
Johann van Helmont 1579-1644
Rene Descartes 1596-1650 Catholic
Blaise Pascal 1623-1662 Jansenist
Robert Boyle 1627-1691 Anglican
Christiann Huygens 1629-1695 Calvinist
Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 Dutch Reformed
Robert Hooke 1635-1703 Anglican
Sir Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism, i.e., Athanasianism;
believed in the Arianism of the Primitive Church)
Edmund Halley 1656-1742
Thomas Newcomen 1663-1729 Baptist
Daniel Fahrenheit 1686-1736
Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790 Presbyterian; Deist
Joseph Black 1728-1799
Henry Cavendish 1731-1810
Joseph Priestley 1733-1804 Unitarian
James Watt 1736-1819 Presbyterian (lapsed)
Charles de Coulomb 1736-1806
Joseph Montgolfier 1740-1810
Karl Wilhelm Scheele 1742-1786
Antoine Lavoisier 1743-1794 Catholic
Count Alessandro Volta 1745-1827 Catholic
Edward Jenner 1749-1823 Anglican
John Dalton 1766-1844 Quaker
Andre-Marie Ampere 1755-1836
Amedo Avogadro 1776-1856 Catholic
Joseph Gay-Lussac 1778-1850
Charles Babbage 1791-1871 Anglican
Michael Faraday 1791-1867 Sandemanian
Charles Darwin 1809-1881 Anglican (nominal); Unitarian
James Joule 1818-1920
Louis Pasteur 1822-1895 Catholic
Johann Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 Catholic (Augustinian monk)
Jean-Joseph Lenoir 1822-1900
Lord Kelvin 1824-1907 Anglican
James Clerk Maxwell 1831-1879 Presbyterian; Anglican; Baptist
Alfred Nobel 1833-1896
Wilhelm Gottlieb Daimler 1834-1900
Dmitri Mendeleev 1834-1907
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen 1845-1923
Thomas Alva Edison 1847-1931 Congregationalist; agnostic
Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922 Unitarian/Universalist
Antoine-Henri Becquerel 1852-1908 Catholic
Paul Ehrlich 1854-1915 Jewish
Nikola Tesla 1856-1943
Sir John Joseph Thomson 1856-1940
Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Jewish; Atheist; Freudian psychoanalysis (Freudianism)
Heinrich Rudolf Hertz 1857-1894 Lutheran
Max Planck 1858-1947 Protestant
Leo Baekeland 1863-1944
Thomas Hunt Morgan 1866-1945
Marie Curie 1867-1934 Catholic (lapsed)
Ernest Rutherford 1871-1937
The Wright Brothers Wilbur: 1867-1912; Orville: 1871-1948 United Brethren
Guglielmo Marconi 1847-1937 Catholic and Anglican
Frederick Soddy 1877-1956
Albert Einstein 1879-1955 Jewish
Alexander Fleming 1881-1955 Catholic
Robert Goddard 1882-1945
Neils Bohr 1885-1962 Jewish Lutheran
Erwin Schrodinger 1887-1961 Catholic
Henry Moseley 1887-1915
Edwin Hubble 1889-1953
Sir James Chadwick 1891-1974
Frederick Banting 1891-1941
Louis de Broglie 1892-1987
Enrico Fermi 1901-1954 Catholic
Werner Heisenberg 1901-1954 Lutheran
Linus Carl Pauling 1901-1994 Lutheran
Robert Oppenheimer 1904-1967 Jewish
Sir Frank Whittle 1907-1996
Edward Teller 1908- Jewish
William Shockley 1910-1989
Alan Turing 1912-1954 Jewish
Jonas Salk 1914-1995 Jewish
Rosalind Franklin 1920-1958 Jewish
James Dewey Watson 1928-
Stephen Hawking 1942- atheist
Tim Berners-Lee 1955- Unitarian
< Return to Famous Adherents page
Some Famous Scientists who were Christians
Related Pages:
- Famous Christians
- Famous Latter-day Saint Scientists
- Christian Science Fiction Writers
The list below is a list of prominent, important scientists who were also Christians. The list is from Dan Graves' book Scientists of Faith (Kregel Resources: Grand Rapids, MI; 1996). The book is subtitled: Forty-Eight Biographies of Historic Scientists and Their Christian Faith. The book lists members scientists without regard to which particular denomination they belonged to, whether Catholic, Presbyterian, Methodist, Quaker, Latter-day Saint, Lutheran, Eastern Orthodox, or otherwise.
The back cover notes some of the reasons the author wrote the book:
Secular thought often portrays religion as the enemy of science, but the truth is that many of the world's greatest scientific discoveries were made by persons of faith, seeking to honor God and His creation.
Scientists of Faith relates the personal stories of forty-eight scientists and provides a brief overview of each person's contribution in their own particular field. Included are such notables as Johannes Kepler, Blaise Pascal, Michael Faraday, Gregor Mendel, and George Washington Carver.
As the author writes, "Christians and the Christian worldview were crucial to the formation of the early sciences. . . . If science, technology, and medical advances, properly used, are examples of God's grace to us, then those who brought them into being should be credited for them. . . . None of these men was perfect... I have deliberately chosen to respect all Christians who have honored the living God with their lives and work, regardless of their theological differences. They began their search for truth with the assumption that God exists, that His Word is true, and that He has created an orderly universe that reveals Himself."
[NOTE: This list has nothing to do with the Church of Christ, Scientist, whose members are known as Christian Scientists (note the capitalized "S" in "Scientists." Christian Science is just one denomination within Christianity, and most members of the denomination are not scientists. Here is a separate list of famous Christian Scientists.]
Some Famous Scientists who were Christians
John Philoponus late 6th Century Aristotle's early Christian critic
Hugh of St. Victor c. 1096-1141 theologian of science
Robert Grosseteste c. 1168-1253 reform-minded bishop-scientist
Roger Bacon c. 1220-1292 Doctor Mirabiles
Dietrich von Frieberg c. 1250-c. 1310 the priest who solved the mystery of the rainbow
Thomas Bradwardine c. 1290-1349 student of motion
Nicole Oresme c. 1320-1382 inventor of scientific graphic techniques
Nicholas of Cusa 1401-1464 grappler with infinity
Georgias Agricola 1495-1555 founder of metallurgy
Johannes Kepler 1571-1630 discoverer of the laws of planetary motion
Johannes Baptista van Helmont 1579-1644 founder of pneumatic chemistry and chemical physiology
Francesco Maria Grimaldi 1618-1663 discoverer of the diffraction of light Catholic
Blaise Pascal 1623-1662 mathematical prodigy and universal genius
Robert Boyle 1627-1691 founder of modern chemistry
John Ray 1627-1705 cataloger of British flora and fauna Calvinist (denomination?)
Isaac Barrow 1630-1677 Newton's teacher
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 discoverer of bacteria
Niels Seno 1638-1686 founder of geology
James Bradley 1693-1762 discoverer of the aberration of starlight
Ewald Georg von Kleist c. 1700-1748 inventor of the Leyden jar
Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 classifer of all living things
Leonhard Euler 1707-1783 the prolific mathematician
John Dalton 1766-1844 founder of modern atomic theory
Thomas Young 1773-1829 first to conduct a double-slit experiment with light
David Brewster 1781-1868 researcher of polarized light
William Buckland 1784-1856 geologist of the Noahic flood
Adem Sedgwick 1785-1873 geologist of the Cambrian
Augustin-Jean Fresnel 1788-1827 the physicist of light waves
Augustin Louis Cauchy 1789-1857 soulwinning mathematician
Michael Faraday 1791-1867 giant of electrical research
John Frederick William Herschel 1792-1871 cataloger of the Southern skies
Matthew Fontaine Maury 1806-1873 pathfinder of the seas
Philip Henry Gosse 1810-1888 popular naturalist
Asa Gray 1810-1888 influential botanist
James Dwight Dana 1813-1895 systematizer of minerology
George Boole 1815-1864 discoverer of pure mathematics
James Prescott Joule 1818-1889 originator of Joule's Law
John Couch Adams 1819-1892 codiscoverer of Neptune
George Gabriel Stokes 1819-1903 theorist of fluorescence
Gregor Mendel 1822-1884 pioneer in genetics
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin 1824-1907 physicist of thermodynammics
Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann 1829-1907 the non-Euclidean geometer behind relativity theory
James Clerk Maxwell 1831-1879 father of modern physics
Edward William Morley 1838-1923 Michelson's partner in measuring the speed of light
Pierre-Maurice-Marie Duhem 1861-1923 the physicist who recovered the science of the Middle Ages
Georges Lemaitre 1894-1966 the prist who showed us the universe is expanding
George Washington Carver c. 1864-1943 pioneer in chemurgy
Arthur Stanley Eddington 1882-1944 the astronomer who ruled stellar theory
Some of the Most Influential, Most Famous Scientist who were Christians
Scientists listed in both Scientists of Faith (Christians) and also in one of the general books above (The Scientific 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Scientists, Past and Present, etc.) These individuals could be considered among history's most influential and famous scientists, who also happen to have been devout Christians of various denominations:
Roger Bacon
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Baptista van Helmont
Blaise Pascal
Robert Boyle
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Carolus Linnaeus
Leonhard Euler
John Dalton
Michael Faraday
John Frederick William Herschel
Matthew Fontaine Maury
James Prescott Joule
Gregor Mendel
William Thomson, Lord Kelvin
James Clerk Maxwell
George Washington Carver
Arthur Stanley Eddington
[Note that many of the scientists from the books listed above were ALSO Christians, but were simply not listed in Dan Graves' brief book.]
By: Guest Date: Tue Feb 3 15:25:54 2009
The 100 Greatest Men
of All Time
The list below is from the book 100 Greatest Men (Grolier Educational: Danbury, Connecticut; 1997), written by Michael Pollard.
The names in this list are listed in categories (humanitarians; thinkers and philosophers; kings, emperors and politicians; religious leaders; musicians and composers; writers; painters, sculptors and architects; stage, screen and photography; scientists; inventors; explorers and pioneers).
The book's introduction (pages 6-7) notes:
This book tells the stories of many of the greatest men in history. Some, like Kublai Khan, the great ruler of the Mongols, and Peter the Great in Russia, were born princes and so, in time, became rulers of empirers. Others, like the writer Mark Twain and the aviators Wilbur and Orville Wright, faced a long, hard struggle to make their names. A third group, which includes Martin Luther King and Mikhail Gorbachev, found themselves caught up in political events which put them in positions of challenge and leadership.
One thing that all these men, and the others in this book, had in common was determination...
"Greatness" does not always mean "goodness." Among the great men in this book are some who left a blank mark on world history. Shi Huangdi, Emperor of China in the third century BC, ruled his empire ruthlessly. Death was the only punishment for disobeying his laws. Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, had his son tortured to death for treason... These, and others whose stories have a dark side, have been included because, for good or evil, they left their mark on the age they lived in.
Humanitarians
Albert Schweitzer 1875-1965 Lutheran
Chiune Sugihara 1900-1986
Raoul Wallenberg 1912-c.1947
Martin Luther King, Jr. 1929-1968 Baptist
Desmond Tutu 1931- Anglican
The Dalai Lama 1935- Tibetan Buddhism
Han Dongfang 1963-
Thinkers and Philosophers
Lao Zi [Lao Tzu] c. 600 B.C. Taoism
Confucius 551-479 B.C. Confucianism
Socrates 469-399 B.C. Greek philosophy
Plato c. 427-347 B.C. Platonism / Greek philosophy
Aristotle 384-322 B.C. Platonism / Greek philosophy
Niccolo Machiavelli 1469-1527 Catholic
John Locke 1632-1704 raised Puritan (Anglican); Liberal Christian
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778 born Protestant;
converted as a teen to Catholic;
later Deist
Karl Marx 1818-1883 Jewish; Lutheran;
Atheist; Marxism/Communism
Kings, Emperors and Politicians
Hammurabi c. 1792-1750 B.C.
Alexander the Great 356-323 Greek state paganism
Asoka c. 300-232 B.C. Buddhism
Shi Huangdi 259-210 B.C.
Julius Caesar c. 100-44 B.C. Roman state paganism
Charlemagne 742-814 A.D. Catholic
Kublai Khan 1214-1294
Peter the Great 1672-1725 Russian Orthodox
George Washington 1732-1799 Episcopalian
Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821 Catholic (nominal)
Simon Bolivar 1783-1830 Catholic (nominal); Atheist
Abraham Lincoln 1809-1865 Regular Baptist (childhood);
later ambiguous -
Deist, general theist or
a very personalized Christianity
Mahatma Gandhi 1869-1948 Hindu (mother was a Jain)
Kemal Ataturk 1881-1938
Franklin D. Roosevelt 1882-1945 Episcopalian
Nelson Mandela 1918-
Mikhail Gorbachev 1931- Russian Orthodox
Religious Leaders
Zoroaster c. 628-c. 551 B.C. Zoroastrianism
Muhammad c. 570-632 A.D. Islam
Buddha c. 563-c. 483 B.C. Hinduism; Buddhism
Moses c. 13th century B.C. Judaism
Jesus Christ c. 6 B.C.-c. 30 A.D. Judaism; Christianity
Martin Luther 1483-1546 Catholic; Lutheran
Musicians and Composers
Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750 Lutheran
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791 Catholic
Ludwig van Beethoven 17770-1827 Catholic
Richard Wagner 1813-1883
Arturo Toscanini 1867-1957 Catholic
George Gershwin 1898-1937 Jewish
Louis Armstrong 1898-1971 Baptist
The Beatles formed 1960
Writers
Homer c. 700-c. 800 B.C. Greek paganism
Virgil 70-19 B.C.
Dante Alighieri 1265-1321 Catholic
William Shakespeare 1564-1616 Catholic; Anglican
Moliere 1622-1673 Catholic
Charles Dickens 1812-1870 Anglican
Mark Twain 1835-1910 Presbyterian
Bertolt Brecht 1898-1956
Painters, Sculptors and Architects
Michelangelo 1475-1564 Catholic
Rembrandt 1606-1669 Dutch Reformed
Christopher Wren 1632-1723 Anglican
Katsushika Hokusai 1760-1849
Joseph Mallord William Turner 1775-1851
Vincent van Gogh 1853-1890 Dutch Reformed
Frank Lloyd Wright 1869-1959 Unitarian
Pablo Picasso 1881-1973 Catholic
Le Corbusier 1887-1965
Stage, Screen and Photography
Charlie Chaplin 1889-1977 Anglican; agnostic
Jean Renoir 1894-1979 Catholic
Sergei Eisenstein 1898-1948 Russian Orthodox; Marxist; Freudian
Henri Cartier-Bresson 1908-
Orson Welles 1915-1985 Protestant Christian
Steven Spielberg 1947- Judaism
Scientists
Euclid c. 330-c. 260 B.C. Platonism / Greek philosophy
Archimedes c. 287-212 B.C. Greek philosophy
Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Catholic
Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 Catholic
Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Anglican (rejected Trinitarianism, i.e., Athanasianism;
believed in the Arianism of the Primitive Church)
James Watt 1736-1819 Presbyterian (lapsed)
Michael Faraday 1791-1867 Sandemanian
Charles Darwin 1809-1882 Anglican (nominal); Unitarian
Louis Pasteur 1822-1895 Catholic
Joseph Lister 1827-1912 Quaker
Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Jewish; atheist; Freudian psychology/psychoanalysis
Albert Einstein 1879-1955 Jewish
Alexander Fleming 1881-1955 Catholic
Linus Pauling 1901-1994 Lutheran
James Watson and Francis Crick 1928-; 1916-
Inventors
Zai Lun c. 50-118 A.D.
Johannes Gutenberg 1400-1468 Catholic
Samuel Morse 1791-1872 Christianity
Nikolaus Otto 1832-1891
Alfred Nobel 1833-1896
Alexander Graham Bell 1847-1922 Unitarian
Thomas Alva Edison 1847-1931 Congregationalist; agnostic
Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright 1871-1948; 1867-1912 United Brethren
Guglielmo Marconi 1847-1937 Catholic and Anglican
Explorers and Pioneers
Marco Polo c. 1254-1324 Catholic
Christopher Columbus 1451-1506 Catholic
Ferdinand Magellan 1480-1521 Catholic
Roald Amundsen 1872-1928
Yuri Gagarin 1934-1968
Neil Armstrong 1930-
By: Guest Date: Tue Feb 3 15:25:16 2009
The 100 Most Powerful Women in the World
Soure of list (except for religious affiliation column): The Australian Magazine, a supplement of the Weekend Australian, May 4-5, 1996.
Rank Name - Country, age Religious Affiliation
1 Benazir Bhutto - Pakistan, 42 Islam
2 Hillary Clinton - US, 48 Methodist
3 Queen Elizabeth II - UK, 70 Anglican
4 Margaret Thatcher - UK, 70
5 Alice Mitchell Rivlin - US, 65
6 Tansu Ciller - Turkey, 49
7 Gro Harlem Brundtland - Norway, 57
8 Wu Yi - China, 57
9 Germaine Greer - Australia, 57
10 Oprah Winfrey - US, 42 Protestant
11 Sadako Ogata - Japan, 68
12 Christine Todd Whitman - US, 49 Presbyterian
13 Anson Chang - Hong Kong, 55
14 Katharine Graham - US, 78 Catholic
15 Laura d'Andrea Tyson - US, 49
16 Rachel Lomax - UK, 50
17 Madeleine Korbel Albright - US, 58 Episcopalian
18 Tutut Suharto - Indonesia, 47
19 Aung San Suu Kyi - Burma, 50 Buddhist
20 Mary Robinson - Ireland, 51
21 Vidgis Finnbogadottir - Iceland, 66
22 Janet Reno - US, 58
23 Nafis Sadik - Pakistan, 61
24 Hanan Ashrawi - Palestine, 49
25 Queen Beatrix - The Netherlands, 58
26 Charlotte Beers - US, 59
27 Sheila Widnall - US, 58
28 Sheila Maureen Copps - Canada, 43
29 Nguyen Thi Binh - Vietnam, 69
30 Dianne Feinstein - US, 63 Jewish
31 Violeta Chamorro - Nicaragua, 65
32 Chandrika Kumaratunga - Sri Lanka, 50
33 Begum Khaleda Zia - Bangladesh, 50
34 Rita Sussmuth - Germany, 59
35 Mirjana Markovic - former Yugoslavia, 53
36 Christine Ockrent - France, 51
37 Sherry Lansing - US, 51
38 Gloria Steinem - US, 61 half-Jewish; Feminist, Humanist
39 Jodie Foster - US, 33
40 Estee Lauder - US, 87 Jewish
41 Rosabeth Moss Kanter - US, 53
42 Pauline Green - UK, 47
43 Barbara Walters - US, 64
44 Sandra Day O'Connor - US, 66 Episcopalian
45 Anita Roddick - UK, 53
46 Ruth Bader Ginsburg - US, 63 Jewish
47 Nadine Gordimer - South Africa, 73
48 Tina Brown - US, 42
49 Princess Diana - UK, 34 Anglican
50 Susanna Agnelli - Italy, 73
51 Carol Bellamy - US, 54
52 Liliana Ferraro - Italy, 52
53 Carol Galley - UK, 47
54 Madonna - US, 38 Catholic; Kabbalah
55 Countess Marion Donhoff - Germany, 86
56 Jana Wendt - Australia, 39
57 Sylvia Toth - The Netherlands, 52
58 Imelda Marcos - Philippines, 67
59 Queen Sirikit - Thailand, 63 Buddhist
60 Irene Pivetti - Italy, 33
61 Cheryl Kernot - Australia, 47
62 Catherine Bertini - US, 46
63 Ritt Bjerregaard - Denmark, 54
64 Elizabeth Dole - US, 59 Presbyterian
65 Elizabeth Dowdeswell - Canada, 50
66 Takako Doi - Japan, 67
67 Anita DeFrantz - US, 43
68 Donna Karan - US, 47
69 Miriam Defensor Santiago - Philippines, 51
70 Helen Gurley Brown - US, 74
71 Elisabeth Guigou - France, 49
72 Janet Holmes a Court - Australia, 52
73 Bodil Nyboe Andersen - Denmark, 55
74 Heide Simonis - Germany, 52
75 Jutta Limbach - Germany, 61
76 Hanna Suchocka - Poland, 50
77 Wandira Kazibwe - Uganda, 42
78 Simone Veil - France, 68
79 Jennie George - Australia, 48
80 Rosalyn Higgins - UK, 58
81 Dame Leonie Kramer - Australia, 71
82 Irene Saez - Venezuela, 34
83 Megawati Sukarno - Indonesia, 49
84 Erika Emmerich - Germany, 52
85 Dai Qing - China, 55
86 Sirkka Hamalainen - Finland, 57
87 Roseanne - US, 42 Judaism; Latter-day Saint; Kabbalah
88 Winnie Mandela - South Africa, 61
89 Xuxa - Brazil, 32 Catholic
90 Irina Khakamada - Russia, 40
91 Helen Clark - New Zealand, 46
92 Esther Koplowitz - Spain, 44
93 Alicia Koplowitz - Spain, 42
94 Tatyana Mitkova - Russia, 40
95 Ilda Boccassini - Italy, 46
96 Francoise Baree-Sinoussi - France, 48
97 Emily Lau - China, 43
98 Mother Teresa - India, 85 Catholic
99 Betty Boothroyd - UK, 66
100 Christy Turlington - US, 27
By: Guest Date: Tue Feb 3 15:24:29 2009
The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time: A Ranking Past and Present
The list below is from the book The 100 Most Influential Women of All Time: A Ranking Past and Present Carol Publishing Group (1995), written by Deborah G. Felder.
1 Eleanor Roosevelt Episcopalian
2 Marie Curie Catholic (lapsed)
3 Margaret Sanger Atheist
4 Margaret Mead Episcopalian
5 Jane Addams
6 Mary Wollstonecraft Unitarian
7 Susan B. Anthony Quaker; Unitarian
8 Elizabeth Cady Stanton atheist
9 Harriet Tubman Methodist
10 The Virgin Mary Jewish; Christian icon
11 Georgia O'Keeffe Episcopalian (nominal)
12 Frances Perkins Episcopalian
13 Jane Austen Anglican
14 Mary Harris "Mother" Jones
15 Simone de Beauvoir Catholic
16 Queen Elizabeth I Anglican
17 Rosa Parks Methodist
18 Helen Keller Swedenborgian
19 Anne Sullivan
20 Sojourner Truth Methodist; Seventh-day Adventist
21 Queen Isabella Catholic
22 Florence Nightingale Anglican
23 Karen Horney
24 Angelina Grimke
25 Sarah Moore Grimke
26 Elizabeth Blackwell Quaker
27 George Eliot Anglican; agnostic
28 Ida Bell Wells-Barnett
29 Betty Friedan Jewish
30 Rachel Carson Environmentalist
31 Ella Baker
32 Hannah Arendt Jewish
33 Mother Teresa Catholic
34 Melanie Klein
35 Emily Dickinson
36 Golda Meir Jewish
37 Virginia Woolf Neo-Pagan
38 Queen Victoria Anglican
39 Martha Graham
40 Zora Neale Hurston
41 Harriet Beecher Stowe Congregationalist
42 Rosa Luxemburg Jewish
43 Mary McLeod Bethune Methodist
44 Charlotte Bronte Anglican
45 Emily Bronte Anglican
46 Catherine the Great Russian Orthodox
47 Carrie Chapman Catt
48 Jane Goodall
49 Emma Goldman Jewish
50 Hillary Rodham Clinton Methodist
51 Coco Chanel
52 Grace Murray Hopper Jewish
53 Barbara McClintock
54 Gertrude Stein Jewish
55 Joan of Arc Catholic
56 Indira Gandhi Hindu
57 Louise Nevelson Jewish
58 Emrneline Pankhurst
59 Dorothea Lange
60 Agnes De Mille
61 Sappho
62 Nadia Boulanger
63 Gwendolyn Brooks
64 Maria Montessori
65 Marian Anderson Baptist
66 Anne Frank Jewish
67 Babe Didrikson Zaharias
68 Margaret Thatcher
69 Mary Cassatt
70 Sarah Bernhardt Jewish
71 Aung San Suu Kyi Buddhist
72 Amelia Earhart
73 Murasaki Shikibu Buddhist/Shinto culture
74 Toni Morrison
75 Gloria Steinem half-Jewish; Feminist, Humanist
76 Christine de Pisan
77 Margaret Bourke-White Ethical Culture
78 Frida Kahlo Jewish Catholic
79 Gabriela Mistral Jewish Catholic
80 Flannery O'Connor Catholic
81 Katharine Graham Jewish
82 Bessie Smith
83 Joan Ganz Cooney
84 Cleopatra
85 Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Catholic
86 Sandra Day O'Connor Episcopalian
87 Ruth Bader Ginsburg Jewish
88 Jessie Redmon Fauset
89 Wu Chao
90 Billie Holiday
91 Marilyn Monroe Christian Science;
temporary convert to Judaism
92 Frances Willard Methodist
93 Elisabeth Kubler-Ross
94 Mary Pickford Catholic; Christian Science (convert)
95 Leni Riefenstahl Lutheran
96 Katharine Hepburn nominal Episcopalian background; atheist
97 Billie Jean King
98 Princess Diana Anglican
99 Lucille Ball Protestant; Dutch Reformed (Rev. Peale)
100 Oprah Winfrey Protestant
100 Women Who Shaped World History
The list below is from the book 100 Women Who Shaped World History (Bluewood Books: San Francisco, CA, 1994), written by Gail Meyer Rolka.
The names in this list are listed in chronological order. This book does not purport to list the "most influential" women in history. The back cover states:
History is filled with thousands of people who have made significant accomplishments. However, among these are figures who have risen as true beacons of greatness--whose personal talent, striving and unique sense of vision have earned them a place in the annals of history. 100 Women Who Shaped World History provides capsule views of 100 such women whose indomitable spirit and desire to excel changed the course of world history. This book is a perfect desk reference for trivia fans and for anyone interested in learning more about the achievements and contributions of women.
Queen Makare Hatshepsut d. 1483 BC
Deborah c. 1150 BC Jewish
Sappho (Psappho) c. 600 BC
Aspasia c. mid-5th century BC
Cleopatra VII 69-30 BC
Mary, the Mother of Jesus Christ c. 22-20 BC Jewish; Christian icon
Boadicea (Boudicca) d. 60 AD
St. Helena c. 250-c. 330 AD Catholic
Zenobia (Septimia Bat Zabbai) c. 3rd century AD
Hypatia 370-415 AD pagan
Theodora 497-548 AD
Eleanor of Aquitaine 1122-1204 Catholic
Queen Tamara (Thamar) c. 1156-1212
Queen Margaret 1353-1412
Joan of Arc 1412-1431 Catholic
Isabella I 1451-1504 Catholic
Catherine of Aragon 1485-1536 Catholic
Catherine de Medicie 1519-1589 Catholic
Elizabeth I 1533-1603 Anglican
Queen Jinga (Jinga Mbandi) c. 1580-1663
Pocahontas (Matoaka) c. 1595-1617 Protestant
Mary Wortley Montagu 1689-1762
Emilie du Chatelet 1706-1749
Catherine the Great 1729-1796 Russian Orthodox
Caroline Herschel 1750-1848
Catherine Littlefield Greene 1755-1814
Maie Lavoisier 1758-1797
Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797 Unitarian
Sophie German 1776-1831
Elizabeth Fry 1780-1845
Mary Fairfax Somerville 1780-1872
Sacajawea ("Bird Woman") 1784?-1812 or 1884
La Saragossa (Maria Agustin) 1786-1857
Lucretia Coffin Mott 1793-1880 Quaker
Catherine Beecher 1800-1878
Dorothea Dix 1802-1887
Harriet Beecher Stowe 1811-1896 Congregationalist
Ada Lovelace 1815-1852
Charlotte Bronte 1816-1855 Anglican
Emily Bronte 1818-1848 Anglican
Elizabeth Cady Stanton 1815-1902
Lucy Stone 1818-1893
Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot) 1819-1880 Anglican; agnostic
Queen Victoria 1819-1901 Anglican
Susan B. Anthony 1820-1906 Quaker; Unitarian
Florence Nightingale 1820-1910 Anglican
Harriet Tubman c. 1820-1913 Methodist
Clara Barton 1821-1912
Elizabeth Blackwell 1821-1910 Quaker
Mary Baker Eddy 1821-1910 Christian Science
Lakshmi Bai, Rani of Jhansi c. 1830-1858
Mary Harris Jones (Mother Jones) 1830-1930
Louisa May Alcott 1832-1888
Sophia Jex-Blake 1840-1912
Annie Besant 1847-1933 Theosophy
Emma Lazarus 1849-1887 Jewish
Emmeline Pankhurst 1858-1928
Christabel Pankhurst 1880-1958
Carrie Chapman Catt 1859-1947
Jane Addams 1860-1935
Mary Kingsley 1862-1900
Marie Curie 1867-1934 Catholic (lapsed)
Sarah Breedlove Walker 1867-1919
Gertrude Bell 1868-1926
Alice Hamilton 1869-1970
Rosa Luxemburg 1870-1919 Jewish
Maria Montessori 1870-1952
Julia Morgan 1872-1957
Mary McLeod Bethune 1875-1955 Methodist
Helen Keller 1880-1968 Swedenborgian
Frances Perkins 1880-1965 Episcopalian
Emmy Noether 1882-1935
Margaret Higgins Sanger 1883-1966 Sanger
Eleanor Roosevelt 1884-1962 Episcopalian
Karen Horney 1885-1952
Sister Elizabeth Kenny 1886-1952
Louise Boyd 1887-1972
Lucila Godey Alcaya (Gabriela Mistral) 1889-1957 Jewish Catholic
Agatha Christie 1891-1976
Martha Graham 1984-1991
Anne Freud 1897-1937 Freudian Psychoanalysis; Atheist
Golda Meir 1898-1978 Jewish
Margaret Mead 1901-1978 Episcopalian
Marian Anderson 1902-1993 Baptist
Margaret Bourke-White 1904-1971 Ethical Culture
Rachel Carson 1907-1964 Environmentalist
Mother Teresa 1910-1997 Catholic
Rosa Parks 1913- Methodist
Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias 1914-1956
Indira Gandhi 1917-1984 Hindu
Betty Friedan 1921- Jewish
Shirley Chisholm 1924- Baptist
Margaret Thatcher 1925-
Anne Frank 1929-1945 Jewish
Toni Morrison 1931-
Corazon Aquino 1933-
Valentina Tereshkova 1937-
Marian Wright Edelman 1939- Baptist
Rigoberta Menchu 1959-
100 Most Important Women of the 20th Century
The list below is from the book 100 Most Important Women of the 20th Century (Ladies' Home Journal Books: Des Moines, Iowa; 1998), edited by Lorraine Glennon.
The individuals in the book are categorized into groups (Activists and Politicians; Writers and Journalists; Doctors and Scientists; Entrepreneurs; Artists and Entertainers; Athletes; Pioneers and Adventurers), and presented alphabetically within each group. The book does not attempt to rank these individuals, aside from identifying them collectively as the top 100 most influential women of the 20th Century.
Text from inside book jacket:
Women found their voice in the 20th Century. No longer silent and passive, no longer confined to kitchens and bedrooms, women today are educators and athletes, politicians and activists, doctors and adventurers. Women entrepreneurs boldly lead in business. Women scientists make breakthrough discoveries. Women journalists and writers suggest new ways of examining issues and events.
As we head into the new millennium, one thing is certain: Women will never be the same. Neither will the world. Selected by a team of several top women historians from across the nation and the editors of Ladies' Home Journal, the women in this book helped bring about this major transformation.
Narrowing the choice down to just 100 names was a daunting task. But some names practically suggested themselves. What would the world be like without Eleanor Roosevelt's compassionate local action? Or Rachel Carson's Silent Spring, which drew attention to the perils that unchecked pesticides held for our environment? Where would we be without the liberating message of freedom and equality from impassioned women like Betty Friedan, Margaret Sanger, Mary McLeod Bethune, and Gloria Steinem?
Not everyone will agree with every choice made for this book. But let's face. One hundred volumes wouldn't do justice to the accomplishments of women in this past century. The women in this book will influence our lives for untold years to come.
Activists and Politicians
Jane Addams
Madeleine Albright Anglican
Mary McLeod Bethune Methodist
Hillary Rodham Clinton Methodist
Marian Wright Edelman Baptist
Indira Gandhi Hindu
Ruth Bader Ginsburg Jewish
Emma Goldman Jewish
Anita Hill
Dolores Huerta
Maggie Kuhn
Golda Meir Jewish
Rigoberta Menchu
Sandra Day O'Connor Episcopalian
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Catholic
Rosa Parks Methodist
Alice Paul
Frances Perkins Episcopalian
Eva Peron
Jiang Qing
Eleanor Roosevelt Episcopalian
Phyllis Schlafly
Gloria Steinem half-Jewish; Feminist, Humanist
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi Buddhist
Mother Teresa Catholic
Margaret Thatcher
Writers and Journalists
Maya Angelou
Hanna Arendt
Rachel Carson Environmentalist
Agatha Christie
Simone de Beauvoir Catholic
Anne Frank Jewish
Betty Friedan Jewish
Ann Landers
Margaret Mitchell
Toni Morrison
Dorothy Parker half-Jewish
Sylvia Plath
Gertrude Stein Jewish
Barbara Walters
Laura Ingalls Wilder
Virginia Woolf Neo-Pagan
Doctors and Scientists
Virginia Apgar
Helen Caldicott
Marie Curie Catholic (lapsed)
Rosalind Franklin
Jane Goodall
Grace Hopper
Melanie Klein
Mary Leakey
Barbara McClintock
Lise Meitner Jewish-born Protestant
Entrepreneurs
Coco Chanel
Julia Child
Elsie de Wolfe
Katharine Graham Jewish
Ruth Handler
Estee Lauder Jewish
Jean Nidetch
Mary Quant
Martha Stewart Catholic
Oprah Winfrey Protestant
Artists and Entertainers
Marian Anderson Baptist
Lucille Ball Protestant; Dutch Reformed (Rev. Peale)
Margaret Bourke-White Ethical Culture
Maria Callas
Isadora Duncan
Ella Fitzgerald
Jane Fonda born-again Christian
Greta Garbo Lutheran
Martha Graham
Katharine Hepburn nominal Episcopalian background; atheist
Billie Holiday
Janis Joplin Churches of Christ
Frida Kahlo Jewish Catholic
Dorothea Lange
Madonna Catholic; Kabbalah
Marilyn Monroe Christian Science;
temporary convert to Judaism
Georgia O'Keeffe Episcopalian (nominal)
Mary Pickford Catholic; Christian Science (convert)
Leni Riefenstahl Lutheran
Athletes
Nadia Comaneci
Babe Didrikson
Gertrude Ederle
Sonja Henie
Billie Jean King
Suzanne Lenglen
Wilma Rudolph
Pioneers and Adventurers
Nancy Brinker
Helen Gurley Brown
Diana, Princess of Wales
Amelia Earhart
Betty Ford Episcopalian
Helen Keller Swedenborgian
Maria Montessori
Jane Roe
Margaret Sanger Atheist
Valentina Tereshkova
The 100 Most Powerful Women in the World
Soure of list (except for religious affiliation column): The Australian Magazine, a supplement of the Weekend Australian, May 4-5, 1996.
Rank Name - Country, age Religious Affiliation
1 Benazir Bhutto - Pakistan, 42 Islam
2 Hillary Clinton - US, 48 Methodist
3 Queen Elizabeth II - UK, 70 Anglican
4 Margaret Thatcher - UK, 70
5 Alice Mitchell Rivlin - US, 65
6 Tansu Ciller - Turkey, 49
7 Gro Harlem Brundtland - Norway, 57
8 Wu Yi - China, 57
9 Germaine Greer - Australia, 57
10 Oprah Winfrey - US, 42 Protestant
11 Sadako Ogata - Japan, 68
12 Christine Todd Whitman - US, 49 Presbyterian
13 Anson Chang - Hong Kong, 55
14 Katharine Graham - US, 78 Catholic
15 Laura d'Andrea Tyson - US, 49
16 Rachel Lomax - UK, 50
17 Madeleine Korbel Albright - US, 58 Episcopalian
18 Tutut Suharto - Indonesia, 47
19 Aung San Suu Kyi - Burma, 50 Buddhist
20 Mary Robinson - Ireland, 51
21 Vidgis Finnbogadottir - Iceland, 66
22 Janet Reno - US, 58
23 Nafis Sadik - Pakistan, 61
24 Hanan Ashrawi - Palestine, 49
25 Queen Beatrix - The Netherlands, 58
26 Charlotte Beers - US, 59
27 Sheila Widnall - US, 58
28 Sheila Maureen Copps - Canada, 43
29 Nguyen Thi Binh - Vietnam, 69
30 Dianne Feinstein - US, 63 Jewish
31 Violeta Chamorro - Nicaragua, 65
32 Chandrika Kumaratunga - Sri Lanka, 50
33 Begum Khaleda Zia - Bangladesh, 50
34 Rita Sussmuth - Germany, 59
35 Mirjana Markovic - former Yugoslavia, 53
36 Christine Ockrent - France, 51
37 Sherry Lansing - US, 51
38 Gloria Steinem - US, 61 half-Jewish; Feminist, Humanist
39 Jodie Foster - US, 33
40 Estee Lauder - US, 87 Jewish
41 Rosabeth Moss Kanter - US, 53
42 Pauline Green - UK, 47
43 Barbara Walters - US, 64
44 Sandra Day O'Connor - US, 66 Episcopalian
45 Anita Roddick - UK, 53
46 Ruth Bader Ginsburg - US, 63 Jewish
47 Nadine Gordimer - South Africa, 73
48 Tina Brown - US, 42
49 Princess Diana - UK, 34 Anglican
50 Susanna Agnelli - Italy, 73
51 Carol Bellamy - US, 54
52 Liliana Ferraro - Italy, 52
53 Carol Galley - UK, 47
54 Madonna - US, 38 Catholic; Kabbalah
55 Countess Marion Donhoff - Germany, 86
56 Jana Wendt - Australia, 39
57 Sylvia Toth - The Netherlands, 52
58 Imelda Marcos - Philippines, 67
59 Queen Sirikit - Thailand, 63 Buddhist
60 Irene Pivetti - Italy, 33
61 Cheryl Kernot - Australia, 47
62 Catherine Bertini - US, 46
63 Ritt Bjerregaard - Denmark, 54
64 Elizabeth Dole - US, 59 Presbyterian
65 Elizabeth Dowdeswell - Canada, 50
66 Takako Doi - Japan, 67
67 Anita DeFrantz - US, 43
68 Donna Karan - US, 47
69 Miriam Defensor Santiago - Philippines, 51
70 Helen Gurley Brown - US, 74
71 Elisabeth Guigou - France, 49
72 Janet Holmes a Court - Australia, 52
73 Bodil Nyboe Andersen - Denmark, 55
74 Heide Simonis - Germany, 52
75 Jutta Limbach - Germany, 61
76 Hanna Suchocka - Poland, 50
77 Wandira Kazibwe - Uganda, 42
78 Simone Veil - France, 68
79 Jennie George - Australia, 48
80 Rosalyn Higgins - UK, 58
81 Dame Leonie Kramer - Australia, 71
82 Irene Saez - Venezuela, 34
83 Megawati Sukarno - Indonesia, 49
84 Erika Emmerich - Germany, 52
85 Dai Qing - China, 55
86 Sirkka Hamalainen - Finland, 57
87 Roseanne - US, 42 Judaism; Latter-day Saint; Kabbalah
88 Winnie Mandela - South Africa, 61
89 Xuxa - Brazil, 32 Catholic
90 Irina Khakamada - Russia, 40
91 Helen Clark - New Zealand, 46
92 Esther Koplowitz - Spain, 44
93 Alicia Koplowitz - Spain, 42
94 Tatyana Mitkova - Russia, 40
95 Ilda Boccassini - Italy, 46
96 Francoise Baree-Sinoussi - France, 48
97 Emily Lau - China, 43
98 Mother Teresa - India, 85 Catholic
99 Betty Boothroyd - UK, 66
100 Christy Turlington - US, 27
By: Guest Date: Tue Feb 3 15:24:04 2009
The Literary 100:
A Ranking of the
Most Influential Novelists, Playwrights, and Poets of All Time
Related pages:
- The Novel 100: The 100 Greatest Novels of All Time
- The Fictional 100 and 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900 (including info about authors who created the characters)
The list below is from the book The Literary 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Novelists, Playwrights, and Poets of All Time (Checkmark Books/Facts On File, Inc.: New York, 2001), written by Daniel S. Burt.
Burt holds a Ph.D from New York University with a specialty in Victorian fiction and was for nine years a dean at Wesleyan University, where he has also taught literature courses since 1989. He is also the author of The Novel 100: A Ranking of the Greatest Novels of All Time.
1 William Shakespeare 1564-1616 Catholic; Anglican
2 Dante Alighieri 1265-1321 Catholic
3 Homer fl. c. 750(?) B.C. Greek paganism
4 Leo Tolstoy 1828-1910 Russian Orthodox
5 Geoffrey Chaucer c. 1340-1400 Catholic
6 Charles Dickens 1812-1870 Anglican
7 James Joyce 1882-1941 Catholic (lapsed)
8 John Milton 1608-1674 Congregationalist
9 Virgil 70-19 B.C.
10 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1749-1832 Deist
11 Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra 1547-1616 Catholic
12 Murasaki Shikibu c. 978-1030 Buddhist/Shinto culture
13 Sophocles 496-406 B.C.
14 William Faulkner 1897-1962 Presbyterian
15 Feodor Dostoevsky 1821-1881 Russian Orthodox
16 T.S. Eliot 1888-1965 Anglican
17 Marcel Proust 1871-1922 Jewish Catholic
18 Jane Austen 1775-1817 Anglican
19 George Eliot 1819-1880 Anglican; agnostic
20 William Butler Yeats 1865-1939 Church of Ireland (Anglican); astrology
21 Alexander Pushkin 1799-1837 Russian Orthodox
22 Euripides c. 480-406 B.C.
23 John Donne 1572-1631 Anglican; Catholic
24 Herman Melville 1819-1891 Transcendentalist
25 John Keats 1795-1821 Anglican
26 Ovid 43 B.C.-17 A.D.
27 Tu Fu 712-770
28 William Blake 1757-1827 Swedenborgian; occult
29 Aeschylus c. 525-456 B.C.
30 Gustave Flaubert 1821-1880 Catholic
31 Franz Kafka 1883-1924 Jewish
32 Moliere 1622-1673 Catholic
33 William Wordsworth 1770-1850 Anglican
34 Aristophanes c. 450-c. 385 B.C.
35 Thomas Mann 1875-1955 Lutheran
36 Henrik Ibsen 1828-1906
37 Anton Chekhov 1860-1904 Russian Orthodox
38 Henry James 1843-1916 Anglican
39 Vladimir Nabokov 1899-1977 Russian Orthodox
40 Walt Whitman 1819-1892 Quaker; Humanist; Transcendentalist
41 Honore de Balzac 1799-1850 Catholic
42 Jonathan Swift 1667-1745 Church of Ireland (Anglican)
43 Stendhal 1783-1842 Catholic
44 Thomas Hardy 1840-1928
45 George Bernard Shaw 1856-1950 Church of Ireland (Anglican); atheist, then mystic
46 Ernest Hemingway 1899-1961 Catholic
47 D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930
48 Charles Baudelaire 1821-1867 Catholic
49 Samuel Beckett 1906-1989 Church of Ireland (Anglican)
50 Virginia Woolf 1882-1941 Neo-pagan
51 Alexander Pope 1688-1744 Catholic
52 Francois Rabelais c. 1494-1553 Catholic
53 Francesco Petrarch 1304-1374 Catholic
54 Emily Dickinson 1830-1886
55 Edgar Allan Poe 1809-1849
56 Henry Fielding 1707-1754
57 Joseph Conrad 1857-1924 Catholic; atheist
58 Robert Browning 1812-1889 Anglican
59 Albert Camus 1913-1960 Catholic; Existentialism
60 Charlotte Bronte 1816-1855 Anglican
61 Emily Bronte 1818-1848 Anglican
62 Jean Racine 1639-1699 Catholic
63 Mark Twain 1835-1910 Presbyterian
64 August Strindberg 1849-1912
65 Emile Zola 1840-1902 Catholic
66 Jorge Luis Borges 1899-1986 Catholic; Quaker; agnostic
67 Cao Xueqin 1715-1763
68 Giovanni Boccaccio 1313-1375 Catholic
69 Voltaire 1694-1778 raised in Jansenism; later Deist
70 Laurence Sterne 1713-1768 Church of Ireland clergyman (Anglican)
71 William Makepeace Thackeray 1811-1863
72 Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822 Anglican; atheist
73 Eugene O'Neill 1888-1953 Catholic
74 Wallace Stevens 1879-1955 Catholic
75 Lord Byron (George Gordon) 1788-1824
76 Gabriel Garcia Marquez 1928- Catholic
77 Walter Scott 1771-1832 Anglican
78 Pablo Neruda 1904-1973 Catholic
79 Robert Musil 1880-1942 Catholic
80 Alfred Lord Tennyson 1809-1892 Anglican
81 Flannery O'Connor 1925-1964 Catholic
82 Catullus c. 84-c. 54 B.C.
83 Federico Garcia Lorca 1898-1936 Catholic (some Jewish ancestry)
84 Nathaniel Hawthorne 1804-1864 Transcendentalist
85 Theodore Dreiser 1871-1945 Catholic; Congregationalist; Chrisitan Science
86 Ralph Ellison 1914-1994
87 Anthony Trollope 1815-1882 Anglican
88 F. Scott Fitzgerald 1896-1940 Catholic
89 Victor Hugo 1802-1885 Catholic
90 Rabindranath Tagore 1961-1941 Hindu
91 Daniel Defoe 1660?-1731 Protestant Dissenter (Presbyterian)
92 Gunter Grass 1927- Catholic
93 Lu Xun 1881-1936
94 E. M. Forster 1879-1970
95 Isaac Bashevis Singer 1904-1991 Jewish
96 Tanizaki Jun'ichiro 1886-1965
97 Richard Wright 1908-1960 Seventh-day Adventist; Communist
98 Gertrude Stein 1874-1946 Jewish
99 Zeami Motokiyo 1363-1443 Buddhist/Shinto culture
100 Oscar Wilde 1854-1900 Church of Ireland (Anglican); Catholic
By: Guest Date: Tue Feb 3 15:23:33 2009
The Novel 100:
A Ranking of the
Greatest Novels of All Time
The list below is from the book The Novel 100: A Ranking of Greatest Novels All Time (Checkmark Books/Facts On File, Inc.: New York, 2004), written by Daniel S. Burt.
Burt holds a Ph.D from New York University with a specialty in Victorian fiction and was for nine years a dean at Wesleyan University, where he has also taught literature courses since 1989. He is also the author of The Novel 100: A Ranking of the Greatest Novels of All Time.
Note that in compiling the list of novels that was the basis for this book, Burt had to impose a number of constraints about what should be considered a novel. Although some works recognized as classics of science fiction (or, more broadly, speculative fiction) are on the list (e.g., Frankenstein; Dracula; Nineteen Eighty-Four), Burt specifically excluded works that seemed to veer too much from primarily naturalistic and contemporary-oriented narratives, thus excluding from consideration most science fiction and fantasy. Books such as Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, Card's Ender's Game, Miller's A Canticle for Leibowitz and Frank Herbert's Dune were excluded from consideration as "novels." Burt's functional definition of "novel" used here (i.e., books belonging to the "novel genre" or, in most cases, the "literary novel genre") is thus narrower than how the word is used by the general public. From the book's introduction, pages ix-x:
What makes a listing of the greatest novels even more problematic is the lack of any consensus about which works rightfully constitute the genre... the novel is such a hybrid and adaptive genre, assimilating other prose and verse forms... A standard definition of the novel--an extended prose narrative--is so broad that it fails to limit the field usefully... I have been influenced in this regard, like many, by literary critic Ian Watt's groundbreaking 1957 study, The Rise of the Novel, which contends that the novel as a distinctive genre emerged in 18th-century England through the shifting of the emphasis of previous prose romances and their generalized and idealized characters, settings, and situations to a particularity of individual experience. In other words, the novel replaced the romance's interest in the general and the ideal with a concern for the particular. The here and now substituted for the romance's interest in the long ago and far away. As 18th-century novelist Clara Reece observed, "The Novel is a picture of real life and manners, and of the times in which it was written. The Romance, in lofty and elevated language, describes what has never happened nor is likely to." Novelists began to represent the actual world accurately, governed by the laws of probability.
...It would be far too reductive and misleading, however, to define the novel only by its realism or accurate representation of ordinary life... It would be far more accurate to say that the novel as a distinct genre attempts a synthesis between romance and realism, between a poetic, imaginative alternative to actuality and a more authentic representation. For purposes of my listing, I have narrowed the field by categorizing as novels works that engage in that synthesis. Some narrative works judged too far in the direction of fantasy--Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel, Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Swift's Gulliver's Travels, Carroll's Alice in Wonderland--have been excluded. I have also made judgment calls on the question of the required length of a novel and have ruled out of contention such important fictional works as Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Franz Kafka's The Metamorphosis as falling short of the amplitude expected when confronting a novel.
Rank Title of Great Novel Year Author Religious Affiliation of Author
1 Don Quixote 1605, 1630 Miguel de Cervantes Catholic
2 War and Peace 1869 Leo Tolstoy Russian Orthodox
3 Ulysses 1922 James Joyce Catholic (lapsed)
4 In Search of Lost Time 1913-27 Marcel Proust Jewish Catholic
5 The Brothers Karamazov 1880 Feodor Dostoevsky Russian Orthodox
6 Moby-Dick 1851 Herman Melville Transcendentalist
7 Madame Bovary 1857 Gustave Flaubert Catholic
8 Middlemarch 1871-72 George Eliot Anglican; agnostic
9 The Magic Mountain 1924 Thomas Mann Lutheran
10 The Tale of Genji 11th Century Murasaki Shikibu Buddhist/Shinto culture
11 Emma 1816 Jane Austen Anglican
12 Bleak House 1852-53 Charles Dickens Anglican
13 Anna Karenina 1877 Leo Tolstoy Russian Orthodox
14 Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 1884 Mark Twain Presbyterian
15 Tom Jones 1749 Henry Fielding
16 Great Expectations 1860-61 Charles Dickens Anglican
17 Absalom, Absalom! 1936 William Faulkner Presbyterian
18 The Ambassadors 1903 Henry James Anglican
19 One Hundred Years of Solitude 1967 Gabriel Garcia Marquez Catholic
20 The Great Gatsby 1925 F. Scott Fitzgerald Catholic
21 To The Lighthouse 1927 Virginia Woolf Neo-pagan
22 Crime and Punishment 1866 Feodor Dostoevsky Russian Orthodox
23 The Sound and the Fury 1929 William Faulkner Presbyterian
24 Vanity Fair 1847-48 William Makepeace Thackeray
25 Invisible Man 1952 Ralph Ellison
26 Finnegans Wake 1939 James Joyce Catholic (lapsed)
27 The Man Without Qualities 1930-43 Robert Musil Catholic
28 Gravity's Rainbow 1973 Thomas Pynchon Catholic; agnostic
29 The Portrait of a Lady 1881 Henry James Anglican
30 Women in Love 1920 D. H. Lawrence
31 The Red and the Black 1830 Stendhal Catholic
32 Tristram Shandy 1760-67 Laurence Sterne Anglican (Church of Ireland clergyman)
33 Dead Souls 1842 Nikolai Gogol Russian Orthodox
34 Tess of the D'Urbervilles 1891 Thomas Hardy
35 Buddenbrooks 1901 Thomas Mann Lutheran
36 Le Pere Goriot 1835 Honore de Balzac Catholic
37 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 1916 James Joyce Catholic (lapsed)
38 Wuthering Heights 1847 Emily Bronte Anglican
39 The Tin Drum 1959 Gunter Grass Catholic
40 Molloy; Malone Dies; The Unnamable 1951-53 Samuel Beckett Church of Ireland (Anglican)
41 Pride and Prejudice 1813 Jane Austen Anglican
42 The Scarlet Letter 1850 Nathaniel Hawthorne Transcendentalist
43 Fathers and Sons 1862 Ivan Turgenev Russian Orthodox; agnostic
44 Nostromo 1904 Joseph Conrad Catholic; atheist
45 Beloved 1987 Toni Morrison
46 An American Tragedy 1925 Theodore Dreiser Catholic; Congregationalist; Chrisitan Science
47 Lolita 1955 Vladimir Nabokov Russian Orthodox
48 The Golden Notebook 1962 Doris Lessing
49 Clarissa 1747-48 Samuel Richardson
50 Dream of the Red Chamber 1791 Cao Xueqin
51 The Trial 1925 Franz Kafka Jewish
52 Jane Eyre 1847 Charlotte Bronte Anglican
53 The Red Badge of Courage 1895 Stephen Crane Methodist
54 The Grapes of Wrath 1939 John Steinbeck Episcopalian
55 Petersburg 1916/1922 Andrey Bely Russian Orthodox; Theosophy; Spiritualism
56 Things Fall Apart 1958 Chinue Achebe
57 The Princess of Cleves 1678 Madame de Lafayette
58 The Stranger 1942 Albert Camus Catholic; Existentialism
59 My Antonia 1918 Willa Cather Episcopalian
60 The Counterfeiters 1926 Andre Gide
61 The Age of Innocence 1920 Edith Wharton
62 The Good Soldier 1915 Ford Madox Ford Catholic; agnostic
63 The Awakening 1899 Kate Chopin Catholic
64 A Passage to India 1924 E. M. Forster
65 Herzog 1964 Saul Bellow Orthodox Jew (lapsed); Anthroposophist
66 Germinal 1855 Emile Zola Catholic
67 Call It Sleep 1934 Henry Roth Jewish
68 U.S.A. Trilogy 1930-38 John Dos Passos Catholic
69 Hunger 1890 Knut Hamsun
70 Berlin Alexanderplatz 1929 Alfred Doblin Catholic
71 Cities of Salt 1984-89 'Abd al-Rahman Munif
72 The Death of Artemio Cruz 1962 Carlos Fuentes Catholic
73 A Farewell to Arms 1929 Ernest Hemingway Catholic
74 Brideshead Revisited 1945 Evelyn Waugh Catholic
75 The Last Chronicle of Barset 1866-67 Anthony Trollope Anglican
76 The Pickwick Papers 1836-67 Charles Dickens Anglican
77 Robinson Crusoe 1719 Daniel Defoe Protestant Dissenter (Presbyterian)
78 The Sorrows of Young Werther 1774 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Deist
79 Candide 1759 Voltaire raised in Jansenism; later Deist
80 Native Son 1940 Richard Wright Seventh-day Adventist; Communist
81 Under the Volcano 1947 Malcolm Lowry Methodist; Anglican; agnostic
82 Oblomov 1859 Ivan Goncharov
83 Their Eyes Were Watching God 1937 Zora Neale Hurston
84 Waverley 1814 Sir Walter Scott Anglican
85 Snow Country 1937, 1948 Kawabata Yasunari
86 Nineteen Eighty-Four 1949 George Orwell Anglican
87 The Betrothed 1827, 1840 Alessandro Manzoni Catholic
88 The Last of the Mohicans 1826 James Fenimore Cooper Episcopalian
89 Uncle Tom's Cabin 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe Episcopalian; Congregationalist
90 Les Miserables 1862 Victor Hugo Catholic
91 On the Road 1957 Jack Kerouac Catholic; Buddhism
92 Frankenstein 1818 Mary Shelley
93 The Leopard 1958 Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa Catholic
94 The Catcher in the Rye 1951 J.D. Salinger Jewish Catholic; Scientologist
95 The Woman in White 1860 Wilkie Collins
96 The Good Soldier Svejk 1921-23 Jaroslav Hasek Catholic
97 Dracula 1897 Bram Stoker Church of Ireland (Anglican)
98 The Three Musketeers 1844 Alexandre Dumas agnostic; Catholic
99 The Hound of Baskervilles 1902 Arthur Conan Doyle Catholic; Spiritualist
100 Gone with the Wind 1936 Margaret Mitchell Catholic
All-Time 100 Best Novels List
100 Best Novels, 1923 to present
Source: Lev Grossman and Richard Lacayo, "TIME's Critics pick the 100 Best Novels, 1923 to present", published in Time Magazine, 2005 (http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html; viewed 31 October 2005):
TIME Critics Lev Grossman and Richard Lacayo pick the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to the present.
Listed alphabetically by title.
Title Author Religious Affiliation
The Adventures of Augie March Saul Bellow Orthodox Jew (lapsed); Anthroposophist
All the King's Men Robert Penn Warren
American Pastoral Philip Roth Jewish
An American Tragedy Theodore Dreiser Catholic; Congregationalist; Chrisitan Science
Animal Farm George Orwell Anglican
Appointment in Samarra John O'Hara
Are You There God? It's Me, Margaret Judy Blume Jewish
The Assistant Bernard Malamud Jewish
At Swim-Two-Birds Flann O'Brien
Atonement Ian McEwan atheist
Beloved Toni Morrison
The Berlin Stories Christopher Isherwood Hindu (Vedanta Society)
The Big Sleep Raymond Chandler
The Blind Assassin Margaret Atwood Humanist
Blood Meridian Cormac McCarthy Catholic
Brideshead Revisited Evelyn Waugh Catholic
The Bridge of San Luis Rey Thornton Wilder Congregationalist
Call It Sleep Henry Roth Jewish
Catch-22 Joseph Heller Jewish
The Catcher in the Rye J.D. Salinger Jewish Catholic
A Clockwork Orange Anthony Burgess Catholic
The Confessions of Nat Turner William Styron
The Corrections Jonathan Franzen
The Crying of Lot 49 Thomas Pynchon Catholic; agnostic
A Dance to the Music of Time Anthony Powell
The Day of the Locust Nathanael West Jewish
Death Comes for the Archbishop Willa Cather Episcopalian
A Death in the Family James Agee Episcopalian
The Death of the Heart Elizabeth Bowen Church of Ireland (Anglican)
Deliverance James Dickey
Dog Soldiers Robert Stone
Falconer John Cheever
The French Lieutenant's Woman John Fowles Atheist
The Golden Notebook Doris Lessing
Go Tell it on the Mountain James Baldwin
Gone With the Wind Margaret Mitchell Catholic
The Grapes of Wrath John Steinbeck Episcopalian
Gravity's Rainbow Thomas Pynchon Catholic; agnostic
The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald Catholic
A Handful of Dust Evelyn Waugh Catholic
The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter Carson McCullers
The Heart of the Matter Graham Greene Catholic
Herzog Saul Bellow Orthodox Jew (lapsed); Anthroposophist
Housekeeping Marilynne Robinson
A House for Mr. Biswas V.S. Naipaul Hindu
I, Claudius Robert Graves occult
Infinite Jest David Foster Wallace
Invisible Man Ralph Ellison
Light in August William Faulkner Presbyterian
The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe C.S. Lewis Anglican
Lolita Vladimir Nabokov Russian Orthodox
Lord of the Flies William Golding
The Lord of the Rings J.R.R. Tolkien Catholic
Loving Henry Green
Lucky Jim Kingsley Amis
The Man Who Loved Children Christina Stead
Midnight's Children Salman Rushdie Islam (lapsed); atheist)
Money Martin Amis agnostic
The Moviegoer Walker Percy raised agnostic Presbyterian; Catholic convert
Mrs. Dalloway Virginia Woolf Neo-pagan
Naked Lunch William Burroughs
Native Son Richard Wright Seventh-day Adventist; Communist
Neuromancer William Gibson
Never Let Me Go Kazuo Ishiguro
1984 George Orwell Anglican
On the Road Jack Kerouac Catholic; Buddhism
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Ken Kesey
The Painted Bird Jerzy Kosinski Jewish
Pale Fire Vladimir Nabokov Russian Orthodox
A Passage to India E.M. Forster
Play It As It Lays Joan Didion
Portnoy's Complaint Philip Roth Jewish
Possession A.S. Byatt Quaker (lapsed)
The Power and the Glory Graham Greene Catholic
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie Muriel Spark Catholic
Rabbit, Run John Updike Lutheran
Ragtime E.L. Doctorow Jewish
The Recognitions William Gaddis
Red Harvest Dashiell Hammett
Revolutionary Road Richard Yates
The Sheltering Sky Paul Bowles
Slaughterhouse-Five Kurt Vonnegut Humanist
Snow Crash Neal Stephenson ?
The Sot-Weed Factor John Barth
The Sound and the Fury William Faulkner Presbyterian
The Sportswriter Richard Ford
The Spy Who Came in From the Cold John le Carre
The Sun Also Rises Ernest Hemingway Catholic
Their Eyes Were Watching God Zora Neale Hurston
Things Fall Apart Chinua Achebe
To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee
To the Lighthouse Virginia Woolf Neo-pagan
Tropic of Cancer Henry Miller
Ubik Philip K. Dick Episcopalian
Under the Net Iris Murdoch
Under the Volcano Malcolm Lowry Methodist; Anglican; agnostic
Watchmen Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons ?
White Noise Don DeLillo Catholic
White Teeth Zadie Smith
Wide Sargasso Sea Jean Rhys
Multiple Listings:
9 authors wrote two of the books listed on TIME Magazine's list of the best English-language novels published since 1923:
* Evelyn Waugh (Brideshead Revisited; A Handful of Dust)
* George Orwell (1984; Animal Farm)
* Graham Greene (The Heart of the Matter; The Power and the Glory)
* Philip Roth (American Pastoral; Portnoy's Complaint)
* Saul Bellow (The Adventures of Augie March; Herzog)
* Thomas Pynchon (The Crying of Lot 49; Gravity's Rainbow)
* Virginia Woolf (Mrs. Dalloway; To the Lighthouse)
* Vladimir Nabokov (Lolita; Pale Fire)
* William Faulkner (Light in August; The Sound and the Fury)
Authors on Two Separate Lists
TIME Magazine's list of "100 Best Movies" released since 1923 is a companion to TIME Magazine's list of "100 Best Novels" (written in English) published since 1923. A total of 92 authors are represented on the "Best Novels" list. About 500 directors, writers and starring actors are noted in the "100 Best Movies" list. The names of 3 authors appear on both lists (the 100 Best Novels and 100 Best Movies):
* J.R.R. Tolkien: author of The Lord of the Rings trilogy, which was adapted to film)
* Philip K. Dick: author of Ubik on the "100 Best Novels" list; author of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, adapted as Blade Runner on "100 Best Movies" list
* Raymond Chandler: author of Raymond Chandler on "100 Best Novels" list; screenwriter of Double Indemnity (adapted from James M. Cain's novel) on the "100 Best Movies" list
Notes about how the list was created
Excerpts from: Richard Lacayo, "How We Picked the List" (http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/0,24459,our_choices,00.html; viewed 31 October 2005):
...The parameters: English language novels published anywhere in the world since 1923, the year that TIME Magazine began, which, before you ask, means that Ulysses (1922) doesn't make the cut... This [list] is chosen by me, Richard Lacayo, and my colleague Lev Grossman... Grossman and I each began by drawing up inventories of our nominees. Once we traded notes, it turned out that more than 80 of our separately chosen titles matched. (Even some of the less well-known ones, like At-Swim Two Birds.) We decided then that we would more or less divide the remaining slots between us. That would allow each of us to include books that the other might not have chosen. Or might not even have read... And that would extend the list into places where mere agreement wouldn't take it.
...There were writers we had to admit we love more for their short stories than their novels -- Donald Barthelme, Annie Proulx, Flannery O'Connor, Eudora Welty. We could agree that some of Gore Vidal's novels are an essential pleasure, but it's his non-fiction that's essential period. Then there was the intellectual massif of Norman Mailer, indisputably one of the great writers of our time, but his supreme achievements are his headlong reconfigurations of the whole idea of non-fiction, books like Armies of the Night; The Executioner's Song...
This project, which got underway in January, was not just a reading effort. It was a re-reading effort. It meant revisiting a lot of novels both of us had not looked into for some time. A few titles that seemed indispensable some years ago turned out on a second tasting to be, well, dispensable... Lists like this one have two purposes. One is to instruct. The other of course is to enrage. We're bracing ourselves for the e-mails that start out: "You moron! You pathetic bourgeoise insect! How could you have left off...(insert title here)."
100 Books That Shaped World History
The list below comes from the book 100 Books That Shaped World History, Bluewood Books (2002), written by Miriam Raftery.
The books in the list below are NOT ranked by their relative influence. They are listed chronologically.
Epic of Gilgamesh (C. 2700-1500 B.C.)
The Egyptian Book of the Dead (C. 2400-1420 B.C.)
Iliad (C. 800 B.C.)
Aesop's Fables (C. 600-560 B.C.)
Hippocratic Corpus (C. 5th Century B.C.)
The History of Herodotus (C. 440 B.C.)
The Analects of Confucius (429 B.C.)
Republic (C. 378 B.C.)
Nicomachean Ethics (C. 330 B.C.)
On the Republic (51 B.C.)
Koran (C. A.D. 652)
The Tale of Genji (C. 1010)
The Travels of Marco Polo (C. 1300)
The Divine Comedy (C. 1320)
Gutenberg Bible (1455)
The Prince (1513)
Utopia (1516)
Ninety-Five Theses (1517)
The Fabric of the Human Body (1543)
On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres (1543)
Romeo and Juliet (1594)
Don Quixote De La Mancha (1605)
Treatise on Painting (1651)
The Pilgrim's Progress (1678; 1684)
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1689)
Two Treatises of Government (1690)
Robinson Crusoe (1719)
Poor Richard's Almanack (1732-1757)
The Social Contract (1762)
Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776)
Common Sense (1776)
The Federalist Papers (1787-1788)
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)
Cartagena Manifesto (1812)
Pride and Prejudice (1813)
The Last of the Mohicans (1826)
Nature (1836)
A Christmas Carol (1843)
Tales (1845)
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845)
Wuthering Heights (1847)
Civil Disobedience (1849)
David Copperfield (1849-1850)
The Scarlet Letter (1850)
Uncle Tom's Cabin (1851-1852)
Moby Dick (1851)
On the Origin of Species (1859)
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865)
Das Kapital (1867)
Little Women (1868)
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea (1870)
The Brothers Karamazov (1879-1880)
Treasure Island (1883)
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)
War and Peace (1886)
A Study in Scarlet (1887)
The Jewish State (1896)
The War of the Worlds (1898)
The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
Up From Slavery (1901)
The Story of my Life (1902)
The Call of the Wild (1903)
The Jungle (1906)
Riders of the Purple Sage (1912)
O Pioneers! (1913)
Sons and Lovers (1913)
Relativity: The Special and General Theory (1916)
Siddhartha (1922)
Ulysses (1922)
The Great Gatsby (1925)
Mein Kampf (1925; 1927)
The Sun also Rises (1926)
The Oxford English Dictionary (1928)
All Quiet on the Western Front (1929)
The Sound and the Fury (1929)
The Maltese Falcon (1930)
The Good Earth (1931)
Brave New World (1932)
Story of Civilization (1935-1975)
Gone with the Wind (1936)
The Grapes of Wrath (1939)
Native Son (1940)
The Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Care (1946)
Anne Frank: The Diary of a Young Girl (1947)
Cry, The Beloved Country (1948)
The Second World War (1948-1954)
The Catcher in the Rye (1951)
Lord of the Flies (1954)
To Kill a Mockingbird (1960)
Catch-22 (1961)
Silent Spring (1962)
The Feminine Mystique (1963)
Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (1964)
Unsafe at any Speed (1965)
Quotations of Chairman Mao (1966)
One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967)
Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee (1971)
The Gulag Archipelago (1973-1975)
Beloved (1987)
A Brief History of Time, Updated and Expanded (1998)
By: Guest Date: Tue Feb 3 15:23:00 2009
The Hispanic 100:
A Ranking of the Latino Men and Women Who Have Most Influenced American Thought and Culture
The list below is from the book The Hispanic 100: A Ranking of the Latino Men and Women Who Have Most Influenced American Thought and Culture (Carol Publishing Group/Citadel Press: New York City, 1995), written by Himilce Novas.
1 Cesar Chávez (Cesar Chavez) 1927-1993
2 Henry Barbosa González (Henry Barbosa Gonzalez) 1916-
3 Luis Alvarez 1911-1988
4 Junípero Serra (Junipero Serra) 1713-1784
5 George Santayana 1863-1952
6 Pablo Casals 1876-1973
7 Desi Arnaz 1917-1986
8 Joan Baez 1941- Quaker (lapsed)
9 Antonio Novello 1944-
10 Plácido Domingo (Placido Domingo) 1941-
11 Henry Cisneros 1974-
12 Rita Hayworth 1918-1987
13 Oscar de la Renta 1932-
14 José Vicente Ferrer (Jose Vicente Ferrer) 1912-1992
15 Fabiola Cabeza de Baca Gilbert 1898-?
16 Roberto Goizueta 1931-
17 Edward R. Roybal 1916-
18 Herman Badillo 1929-
19 Rita Moreno 1931-
20 Geraldo Rivera 1943-
21 Linda Chávez (Linda Chavez) 1947-
22 Anthony Quinn 1915-
23 Chita Rivera 1933-
24 Adolfo 1933-
25 Roberto Clemente 1934-1972
26 Lee Travino 1939-
27 Gloria Estefan 1958-
28 Nancy López (Nancy Lopez) 1957-
29 Carlos Castañeda (Carlos Castaneda) 1925-
30 Linda Ronstadt 1946-
31 Marisol 1930-
32 José Limón (Jose Limon) 1908-1972
33 Dolores Huerta 1930-
34 Federico F. Peña (Federico F. Pena) 1947-
35 Ellen Ochoa 1958-
36 Martin Sheen 1940-
37 José Quintero (Jose Quintero) 1924-
38 Richard Rodriguez 1944-
39 Dennis Chávez (Dennis Chavez) 1888-1962
40 Joseph M. Montoya 1915-1978
41 Julio Iglesias 1943-
42 Raúl Julia (Raul Julia) 1944-1994
43 Gloria Molina 1948-
44 Ramón Novarro (Ramon Novarro) 1899-1968
45 Lou Piniella 1943-
46 Tito Puente 1923-
47 Richard "Pancho" Gonzáles (Richard "Pancho" Gonzales) 1928-1995
48 Luis Valdez 1940-
49 Ricardo Montalbán (Ricardo Montalban) 1920-
50 Bobby Bonilla 1963-
51 Jaime Escalante 1930(?)-
52 Rafael Chacón (Rafael Chacon) 1833-1925
53 Sandra Cisneros 1954-
54 Cesar Romero 1907-1994
55 José Feliciano (Jose Feliciano) 1945-
56 Rosemary Casals 1948-
57 Orlando Cepeda 1937-
58 Piri Thomas 1928-
59 Oscar De La Hoya 1973-
60 Oscar Hijuelos 1951-
61 Emilio Estévez (Emilio Estevez) 1962-
62 Raquel Welch 1940-
63 Andy García (Andy Garcia) 1956-
64 Dolores Del Rio 1905-1983
65 José Villarreal (Jose Villarreal) 1924-
66 Ritchie Valens 1941-1958
67 Pancho Segura 1921-
68 Gary Soto 1952-
69 Juan "Chi Chi" Rodriguez 1935-
70 Edward James Olmos 1947-
71 Trini López (Trini Lopez) 1937-
72 Vikki Carr 1940-
73 Fernando Valenzuela 1960-
74 Cherríe Moraga (Cherrie Moraga) 1952-
75 Tom Flores 1937-
76 María Grever (Maria Grever) 1885-1951
77 Mary Joe Fernández (Mary Joe Fernandez) 1971-
78 Keith Hernández (Keith Hernandez) 1953-
79 José Greco (Jose Greco) 1918-
80 Justin Dìaz (Justin Diaz) 1940-
81 Fernando Bujénes (Fernando Bujones) 1955-
82 Katherine D. Ortega 1934-
83 Ramón Cortines (Ramon Cortines) 1932-
84 Jim Plunkett 1947-
85 José Canseco (Jose Canseco) 1964-
86 Miriam Colón (Miriam Colon) 1930(?)-
87 Charlie Sheen 1965-
88 Julia Alvarez 1950-
89 Celia Cruz 1929(?)-
90 Gigi Fernández (Gigi Fernandez) 1964-
91 Ileana Ros-Lehtinen 1952-
92 Rosie Pérez (Rosie Perez) 1970(?)-
93 Carlos Montoya 1903-1993
94 Nydia Margarita Velázquez (Nydia Margarita Velazquez) 1953-
95 Gilbert Roland 1905-1994
96 Mariah Carey 1970(?)-
97 Antonio Moreno 1886-1967
98 Lourdes López (Lourdes Lopez) 1958-
99 Lucille Roybal-Allard 1941-
100 Elizabeth Peña (Elizabeth Pena) 1959-
100 Hispanic-Americans Who Shaped American History
The list below is from the book 100 Hispanic-Americans Who Shaped American History, Bluewood Books (2002), written by Rick Laezman.
The individuals in this book are not ranked relative to each other. They are listed chronologically by birth.
Juan Ponce de Leon 1460-1521
Pedro Menendez de Aviles 1519-1574
Juan de Onate 1550-1630
Junipero Serra 1713-1784
Juan Bautista de Anza 1735-1788
Bernardo de Galvez 1746-1786
Manuel Lisa 1772-1820
Antonio Jose Martinez 1793-1867
Maria Gertrudes Barcelo 1800-1852
David Farragut 1801-1870
Pio De Jesus Pico 1801-1894
Juan N. Seguin 1806-1890
Mariano Vallejo 1808-1890
Romualdo Pacheco 1831-1899
Joaquin Murieta 1832-1853
Carlos Juan Finlay and
Juan Guiteras 1852-1925
1833-1915
Rafael Guastavino 1842-1908
Lola Rodriquez de Tio 1843-1924
George Santayana 1863-1952
Sara Estela Ramirez 1881-1910
Ignacio E. Lozano 1886-1953
Lucrezia Bori 1887-1960
Dennis Chavez 1888-1962
Maria Latigo Hernandez 1893-1986
Carlos Castaneda 1896-1958
Xavier Cugat 1900-1990
Severo Ochoa 1905-1993
Jose Arcadia Limon 1908-1972
Carmen Miranda 1909-1955
Luis Alvarez 1911-1988
Hector Perez Garcia 1914-1996
Anthony Quinn 1915-2001
Henry B. Gonzales 1916-1998
Emma Tenayuca 1916-1999
Edward Roybal 1916-
Desi Arnaz 1917-1986
Bert Corona 1918-2001
Jose Yglesias 1919-1995
Jose P. Martinez 1920-1943
Ricardo Montalban 1920-
Alicia Alonso 1921-
Antonia Pantoja 1922-
Tito Puente 1923-2000
Celia Cruz 1924-
Romana Acosta Banuelos 1925-
Reies Lopez Tijerina 1926-
Cesar Chavez 1927-1993
Lauro F. Cavazos 1927-
Carmen Zapata 1927-
Reuben Salazar 1928-1970
Richard "Pancho" Gonzales 1928-1995
Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales 1928-
Jaime Escalante 1930-
Maria Irene Fornes 1930-
Dolores Huerta 1930-
Marisol 1930-
Lupe Serrano 1930-
Roberto C. Goizueta 1931-1997
Rita Moreno 1931-
Oscar De La Renta 1932-
Roberto Clemente 1934-1972
Nicholasa Mohr 1935-
Martha P. Cotera 1938-
Carolina Herrera 1939-
Lee Trevino 1939-
Vicki Carr 1940-
Luis Valdez 1940-
Victor Villasenor 1940-
Joan Baez 1941- Quaker (lapsed)
Lucille Roybal-Allard 1941-
Clarissa Pinkola Estes 1943-
Vilma Martinez 1943-
Geraldo Rivera 1943
William C. Velasquez 1944-1988
Jose Angel Gutierrez 1944-
Antonia Novello 1944-
Richard Rodriguez 1944-
Judith Baca 1946-
Linda Ronstadt 1946-
Henry Cisneros 1947-
Edward James Olmos 1947-
Federico Pena 1947-
Carlos Santana 1947-
Ruben Blades 1948-
Rosemary Casals 1948-
Cristina Saralegui 1948-
Oscar Hijuelos 1951-
Aliza Lifshitz 1951-
Ileana Ros-Lehtinen 1952-
Gary Soto 1952-
Nydia Margarita Velazquez 1953-
Sandra Cisneros 1954-
Maria Elena Durazo 1954-
Nancy Lopez 1957-
Gloria Estefan 1958-
Ellen Ochoa 1958-
Loretta Sanchez 1960-
Sammy Sosa 1968-
Selena 1971-1995
Oscar De La Hoya 1973-
By: Guest Date: Tue Feb 3 15:22:31 2009
The Wealthy 100:
From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present
The list below is from the book The Wealthy 100: From Benjamin Franklin to Bill Gates - A Ranking of the Richest Americans, Past and Present, Citadel Press (1996), written by Michael Klepper and Robert Gunther.
John D. Rockefeller Oil
Cornelius Vanderbilt Shipping
John Jacob Astor Fur/Land
Stephen Girard Banking
Andrew Carnegie Steel
Alexander Turney Stewart Retailing
Frederick Weyerhaeuser Lumber
Jay Gould Finance
Stephen Van Rensselaer Land (inherit)
Marshall Field Retailing/Land
Henry Ford Automobiles
Andrew W. Mellon Banking
Richard B. Mellon Banking
Sam Moore Walton Retailing
James G. Fair Mining
William Weightman Chemicals
Moses Taylor Banking
Russell Sage Finance
John I. Blair Railroads
Cyrus H. K. Curtis Publishing
Edward Henry Harriman Railroads
Henry Huddleston Rogers Oil
John Pierpont Morgan Finance
Col. Oliver H. Payne Oil/Finance
Henry C. Frick Steel
Collis Potter Huntington Railroads
Peter A. Widener City Transit
James Cair Flood Mining
Nicholas Longworth Land
Philip Danforth Armour Meatpacking
Bill Gates Software
Mark Hopkins Railroads
Edward Clark Sewing machines
Leland Stanford Railroads
William Rockefeller Oil
Hetty Green Finance
James Jerome Hill Railroads
Elias Hasket Derby Merchant/Shipping
Warren Buffett Finance
Claus Spreckels Sugar
George Peabody Finance
Charles Crocker Railroads
William Andrews Clark Mining
George Eastman Photography
Charles L. Tiffany Jewelry
Thomas Fortune Ryan City Transit
Edward Stephen Harkness Oil (inheritance)
Henry M. Flagler Oil/Resorts
James Buchanan Duke Tobacco
Israel Thorndike Merchant/Shipping
William S. O'Brien Mining
Issac Merritt Singer Sewing machines
George Hearst Mining
John Hancock Merchant/Shipping Congregationalist
John W. Garrett Railroads
John W. Mackay Mining
Julius Rosenwald Catalog retailing
George F. Baker Banking
George Washington Land
Anthony N. Brady Transit/Utilities
Adolphus Busch Beer
John T. Dorrance Canned goods
George M. Pullman Railroad cars
Robert Wood Johnson, Jr. Medical supplies
John Francis Dodge Automobiles
Horace Elgin Dodge Automobiles
J. Paul Getty Oil
William H. Aspinwall Shipping
Johns Hopkins Merchant/Railroads
John Werner Kluge Communications
Samuel Colt Guns
James Stillman Banking
William Collins Whitney Transit
William Thaw Canals/Railroads
Paul Allen Software
Cyrus H. McCormick Farm equipment
Arthur Vining Davis Aluminum
Thomas Handasyd Perkins Merchant/Shipping
Joseph Pulitzer Publishing
Daniel Willis James Merchant
Howard Hughes Oil/Aviation
Frank W. Woolworth Retailing
John McDonogh Land
Samuel Slater Textiles
August Belmont Finance
Benjamin Franklin Land/Printing
Sumner Murray Redstone Communications
Capt. Robert Dollar Shipping
Richard Warren Sears Catalog retailing
H. L. Hunt Oil
Jay Van Direct merchandising
Richard Marvin DeVos Direct merchandising
Henry Phipps Steel
Lawrence J. Ellison Software
Ronald Owen Perelman Finance
Peter Chardon Brooks Merchant/Shipping
Charles W. Post Cereals
Samuel I. Newhouse Publishing
William Wrigley, Jr. Chewing gum
David Packard Computers
Movers & Shakers:
The 100 Most Influential Figures in Modern Business
The list below is from the book Movers & Shakers: The 100 Most Influential Figures in Modern Business (Bloomsbury Publishing: Cambridge, MA, © 2003). The 100 names in this book are listed grouped in two different sections, and listed alphabetically.
Text from the back cover:
Ultimately, business is about people--investors, visionaries, courageous leaders who forge new paths. Movers and Shakers brings to life 100 men and women who built companies and industries, created new ways of doing business, or advanced the art and science of management. From the robber barons of the early, brawny years of the twentieth century to the techno-wizards at the beginning of the twenty-first, Movers and Shakers introduces the gurus and giants who left indelible marks on the business landscape.
Expanding on the rich database of information assembled for the landmark reference Business: The Ultimate Resource, and including many completely original entries, this book reveals the defining moments that changed business history. Colorful, incisive, and entertaining, Movers and Shakers illuminates the larger-than-life figures who have, indeed, created business as we know it today.
Management Thinkers
R. Meredith Belbin 1926-
Warren Bennis 1925-
Kenneth Blanchard 1939-
Dale Carnegie 1888-1955
Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. 1918- Episcopalian
Stephen R. Covey 1932- Latter-day Saint
W. Edwards Deming 1900-1993
Peter Drucker 1909-
Mary Parker Follett 1868-1933
Ghoshal and Bartlett
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth 1868-1924 (Frank); 1878-1972 (Lillian)
Charles Handy 1932-
Frederick Herzberg 1923-2000
Joseph M. Juran 1904-
Rosabeth Moss Kantor 1943-
Kaplan and Norton
Thodore Levitt 1925-
Niccolo Machiavelli 1469-1527 Catholic
Ikujiro Nonaka 1935-
Kenichi Ohmae 1943-
Tom Peters 1942-
Michael Porter 1947-
Edgar Schein 1928-
Adam Smith 1723-1790 Liberal Protestant
Sun Tzu c. 400
Frederick Winslow Taylor 1856-1915
Max Weber 1864-1920
Business Giants
Marc Andreessen 1971
Phileas Taylor Barnum 1810-1891 Universalist
Lord Beaverbrook (William Maxwell Aitken) 1879-1964
Jeffrey Bezos 1964-
William Boeing 1881-1956
Richard Branson 1950- atheist
Warren Buffett 1930- atheist
Leo Burnett 1891-1971
Andrew Carnegie 1835-1919 Presbyterian
Willis Haviland Carrier 1876-1950
Walter Percy Chrysler 1875-1940
Jim Clark 1944-
Michael Dell 1965- Jewish
Walter Elias Disney (Walt Disney) 1901-1966 Congregationalist
James Buchanan Duke 1856-1925
George Eastman 1854-1932
Thomas Alva Edison 1847-1931 Congregationalist; agnostic
Michael Eisner 1942- Jewish
Larry Ellison 1944- Jewish
Enzo Ferrari 1898-1988 Catholic
Henry Ford 1863-1947 Protestant
Bill Gates 1955-
Harold Geneen 1910-1997
Louis Frederick Gerstner 1942-
Jean Paul Getty 1892-1976
King Camp Gillette 1855-1932
Roberto Goizueta 1931-1997
Andrew S. Grove 1936- Jewish
William Randolph Hearst 1863-1951 Catholic
Milton Snavely Hershey 1857-1945 Jewish
Conrad Nicholson Hilton 1887-1979 Catholic
Soichiro Honda 1906-1992
Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. 1905-1975
Lee Iacocca 1924- Catholic
Steve Jobs 1955-2003 Lutheran; Buddhist
Phil Knight 1938-
Ray Kroc 1902-1984
Edwin Land 1909-1991
Estee Lauder 1908- Jewish
Ralph Lauren 1939 Jewish
Henry Robinson Luce 1898-1967
Konosuke Matsushita 1894-1989
Louis B. Mayer 1885-1957 Jewish
Cyrus Hall McCormick 1809-1884
Scott McNealy 1954-
Charles Merrill 1855-1956
J. P. Morgan 1837-1913 Episcopalian
Akio Morita 1921-1999
Rupert Murdoch 1931- Jewish and/or Catholic
David Ogilby 1911-1999
Jorma Jaakko Ollila 1950-
Pierre Omidyar 1967-
David Packard 1912-1996
John H. Patterson 1844-1922
Arthur Rock 1926 Jewish
John D. Rockefeller 1839-1937 Baptist
Anita Roddick 1942-
Julius Rosenwald 1862-1932 Jewish
David Sarnoff 1891-1970 Jewish
Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. 1875-1955
Martha Stewart 1941- Catholic
Levi Strauss 1829-1902 Jewish
Eiji Toyoda 1913-
Robert Edward Turner III (Ted Turner) 1938- raised Catholic/Episcopal;
now agnostic or atheist
Cornelius Vanderbilt 1794-1877
Samuel Walton 1918-1992 Presbyterian
Paul Warburg 1868-1932 Jewish
Thomas J. Watson, Sr. 1874-1956
Jack Welch 1935-
Frederick Weyerhaeuser 1834-1914
Oprah Winfrey 1954- Protestant
Robert Winship Woodruff 1889-1985
Frank Winfield Woolworth 1852-1919
By: Guest Date: Tue Feb 3 15:21:59 2009
The Military 100:
A Ranking of the Most Influential Military Leaders of All Time
The list below is from the book The Military 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Military Leaders of All Time (Carol Publishing Group/Citadel Press: Secaucus, New Jersey, 1996), written by Michael Lee Lanning. Lanning served as public affairs officer for Gen. H. Norman Schwarzkopf. He spent more than twenty years on active duty in the U.S. Army.
1 George Washington 1732-1799 American general Episcopalian
2 Napoleon I 1769-1821 French emperor Catholic (nominal)
3 Alexander the Great 356-323 B.C. Macedonian conqueror Greek state paganism
4 Genghis Khan ca. 1167-1227 Mongol conqueror Mongolian shamanism
5 Julius Caesar ca. 100-44 B.C. Roman emperor Roman state paganism
6 Gustavus Adolphus 1594-1632 Swedish king Lutheran
7 Francisco Pizarro ca. 1475-1541 Spanish conqueror Catholic
8 Charlemagne (Charles the Great) 742-814 Frankish king Catholic
9 Hernando Cortes 1485-1547 Spanish conqueror Catholic
10 Cyrus the Great ca. 590-ca. 529 B.C. Persian king Zoroastrian
11 Frederick the Great (Frederick II) 1712-1786 Prussian general
12 Simon Bolivar 1785-1830 South American liberator Catholic (nominal); Atheist
13 William the Conqueror ca. 1027-1087 English king Catholic
14 Adolf Hitler 1889-1945 German dictator Nazism; born/raised in, but rejected Catholicism
15 Attila the Hun ca. 406-453 Hun conqueror Hun
16 George Catlett Marshall 1880-1959 American general
17 Peter the Great 1672-1725 Russian czar Russian Orthodox
18 Dwight David Eisenhower 1890-1969 American general Jehovah's Witness; Presbyterian
19 Oliver Cromwell 1599-1658 English general Puritan (Protestant)
20 Douglas MacArthur 1880-1964 American general
21 Karl von Clausewitz 1780-1831 Prussian general
22 Arthur Wellesley (First Duke of Wellington) 1769-1852 British general
23 Sun Tzu ca. 400-330 B.C. Chinese writer
24 Hermann-Maurice Comte de Saxe 1696-1750 French marshal
25 Tamerlane 1336-1405 Tartar conqueror Islam
26 Antoine Henri Jomini 1779-1869 French general
27 Eugene of Savoy 1663-1736 Austrian marshal
28 Fernandez Gonzalo de Cordoba 1453-1515 Spanish general
29 Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban 1633-1707 French marshal
30 Hannibal ca. 241-ca. 183 B.C. Carthaginian general
31 John Churchill (Duke of Marlborough) 1650-1722 English general
32 Winfield Scott 1786-1866 American general
33 Ulysses Simpson Grant [Ulysses S. Grant] 1822-1885 American general Presbyterian; Methodist
34 Scipio Africanus ca. 237-ca. 183 B.C. Roman general
35 Horatio Nelson 1758-1805 British admiral
36 John Frederick Charles Fuller 1878-1966 British general
37 Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne de Turenne 1611-1675 French marshal
38 Alfred Thayer Mahan 1840-1914 American admiral
39 Helmuth Karl Bernhard von Moltke 1800-1891 Prussian marshal
40 Vo Nguyen Giap ca. 1912- Vietnamese general
41 John Joseph Pershing 1860-1948 American general
42 Maurice of Nassau 1567-1625 Dutch general
43 Joan of Arc 1412-1431 French Heroine Catholic
44 Alan Francis Brooke (Alanbrooke) 1883-1963 British marshal
45 Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval 1715-1789 French general
46 Omar Nelson Bradley 1893-1981 American general
47 Ralph Abercromby 1734-1801 British general
48 Mao Zedong 1893-1976 Chinese revolutionary Communist; Maoist; atheist
49 H. Norman Schwarzkopf 1934- American general Lutheran
50 Alexander Vasilevich Suvorov ca. 1729-1800 Russian marshal
51 Louis Alexandre Berthier 1753-1815 French marshal
52 Jose de San Martin 1778-1850 South American revolutionary
53 Giuseppe Garibaldi 1807-1882 Italian general Catholic
54 Ivan Stepanovich Konev 1897-1973 Soviet marshal
55 Suleiman I 1494-1566 Turkish sultan
56 Colin Campbell 1792-1863 British marshal
57 Samuel (Sam) Houston 1793-1863 Texan general
58 Richard I (the Lion-Hearted) 1157-1199 English king
59 Shaka ca. 1787-1828 Zulu king Zulu
60 Robert Edward Lee 1807-1870 Confederate general Episcopalian
61 Chester William Nimitz 1885-1966 American admiral
62 Gebhard Leberecht von Blucher 1742-1819 Prussian marshal
63 Bernard Law Montgomery 1887-1976 British marshal
64 Carl Gustav Emil von Mannerheim 1867-1951 Finnish marshal
65 H. H. Arnold 1886-1950 American general
66 Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) 1881-1938 Turkish general
67 John Arbuthnot Fisher 1841-1920 British admiral
68 Heihachiro Togo 1848-1934 Japanese admiral
69 Moshe Dayan 1915-1981 Isaeli general Jewish
70 George Konstantinovich Zhukov 1896-1974 Soviet marshal
71 Ferdinand Foch 1851-1929 French marshal Catholic
72 Edward I 1239-1307 English king
73 Selim I ca. 1470-1520 Turkish sultan
74 Giulio Douhet 1869-1930 Italian general
75 Heinz Guderian 1888-1954 German general
76 Lin Piao 1907-1971 Chinese marshal
77 Isoroku Yamamoto 1884-1943 Japanese admiral
78 Harold Rupert Alexander 1891-1969 British marshal
79 Erwin Rommel 1891-1944 German marshal
80 Lennart Torstensson 1603-1651 Swedish marshal
81 Saddam Hussein 1937- Iraqi marshal Islam
82 Fidel Castro 1927- Cuban revolutionary Catholic; Orisha
83 Horatio Herbert Kitchener 1850-1916 British marshal
84 Tito 1892-1980 Yugoslav marshal Catholic
85 Karl Doenitz 1891-1980 German admiral
86 Kim Il Sung 1912-1994 Korean dictator Communist; Juche
87 David Glasgow Farragut 1801-1870 American admiral
88 Garnet Joseph Wolseley 1833-1913 British marshal
89 Chiang Kai-shek 1878-1975 Chinese nationalist Methodist
90 Frederick Sleigh Roberts 1832-1914 British marshal
91 Saladin 1138-1193 Muslim sultan Islam
92 George Dewey 1837-1917 American admiral
93 Louis II de Bourbon, Prince de Conde 1621-1686 French general
94 Kurt Student 1890-1978 German general
95 George S. Patton 1885-1945 American general
96 Michel Ney 1769-1815 French marshal
97 Charles XII 1682-1718 Swedish king
98 Thomas Cochrane 1775-1860 British admiral
99 Johann Tserclaes von Tilly 1559-1632 Flemish mercenary
100 Edmund Henry H. Allenby 1861-1936 British marshal
By: Guest Date: Tue Feb 3 15:21:17 2009
The 100 Greatest Heroes:
Inspiring Profiles of One Hundred Men and Women Who Changed the World
The list below is from the book The 100 Greatest Heroes: Inspiring Profiles of One Hundred Men and Women Who Changed the World (Kensington Publishing Corp./Citadel Press: New York City, 2003), written by H. Paul Jeffers.
Text from inside book jacket:
In Greek and Roman mythology, the world hero was used to describe men whose courageous actions brought favor from the gods. Today, a hero can be just about anyone--from a steadfast politician working to secure world peace to an average man or woman who demonstrates remarkable bravery. H. Paul Jeffers has searched the annals of world history to identify the most influential heroes of all time--chronicling one hundred intriguing real-life tales that are sure to fascinate and inspire.
The 100 Greatest Heroes includes profiles--ranked in order of significance--of the world's most spirited warriors and explorers, politicians and entertainers, innovators and peacekeepers, police officers, doctors, and nurses. It brings to life exciting figures from history, including the father of our country, George Washington; Mahatma Gandhi, who promoted the use of nonviolent tactics to bring about peace; baseball player Bab Ruth; and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
Included among the list are many of the extraordinary women who distinguished themselves through their astonishing achievements and bravery. Among them are suffragette Susan B. Anthony; the fearless warrior Joan of Arc; the first woman doctor, Elizabeth Blackwell; pioneering social worker, activist, and reformer Jane Addams; and aviator Amelia Earhart, whose daring exploits captured the world's attention before costing her her life.
But not all of the heroes profiles are those whose lives played out on the world stage. Some are everyday people who found their own way to make a difference, such as Harriet Tubman, a runaway slave who overcame enormous odds... Other exceptional people who made the list include Lech Walesa, an ordinary shipyard worker whose Solidarity Movement helped bring down the Iron Curtain; New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani, whose leadership during the tragedy of September 11, 2001, brought him worldwide acclaim and admiration; and Raoul Wallenberg, whose heroics helped rescue Jews from the Holocaust.
Spanning from biblical to modern times, The 100 Greatest Heroes pays homage to the men and women whose life stories serve as an inspiration to the world.
1 George Washington 1732-1799 Episcopalian
2 Abraham Lincoln 1809-1865 Regular Baptist (childhood);
later ambiguous -
Deist, general theist or
a very personalized Christianity
3 Franklin Delano Roosevelt 1882-1945 Episcopalian
4 Winston Churchill 1874-1965 Anglican
5 Ronald Reagan 1911- Presbyterian
6 Alexander the Great 356-323 B.C. Greek state paganism
7 Christopher Columbus 1451-1506 Catholic
8 Martin Luther 1438-1546 Catholic; Lutheran
9 Samuel Adams 1722-1803
10 Napoleon Bonaparte 1769-1821 Catholic (nominal)
11 Dwight D. Eisenhower 1890-1969 Jehovah's Witness; Presbyterian
12 Theodore Roosevelt 1858-1920 Dutch Reformed; Episcopalian
13 Ulysses S. Grant 1822-1885 Presbyterian; Methodist
14 Pope John Paul II 1920- Catholic
15 George W. Bush 1946- Methodist (former Episcopalian)
16 Harry S. Truman 1884-1972 Baptist
17 George C. Marshall 1880-1959 Episcopalian
18 Mikhail Gorbachev 1931- Russian Orthodox
19 Lech Walesa 1943- Catholic
20 Boris Yeltsin 1931-
21 John F. Kennedy 1917-1963 Catholic
22 John Glenn 1921- Presbyterian
23 Neil Armstrong 1930-
24 Susan B. Anthony 1820-1906 Quaker; Unitarian
25 Senator Margaret Chase Smith 1897-1995 Methodist
26 Whitaker Chambers 1901-1961
27 Simon Bolivar 1783-1830 Catholic (nominal); Atheist
28 David Ben-Gurion 1886-1973 Judaism
29 Charles A. Lindbergh 1902-1974
30 John Paul Jones 1747-1792
31 Sergeant Alvin York 1887-1964
32 Sergeant Audie Murphy 1924-1971
33 General Douglas MacArthur 1880-1964
34 Davy Crockett 1786-1836
35 King George VI 1895-1952 Anglican
36 Charles de Gaulle 1890-1970
37 Joan of Arc 1412-1431 Catholic
38 Clara Barton 1821-1912 Universalist
39 Elzabeth Blackwell 1821-1910
40 Anne Hutchinson 1591-1643 Unitarian
41 William Bradford 1590-1657
42 Fiorella La Guardia 1882-1947
43 Raoul Wallenberg 1912-?
44 Ira Hayes 1923-1955
45 Harriet Tubman 1820(?)-1913 Methodist
46 Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 Catholic
47 Martin Luther King, Jr. 1929-1968 Baptist
48 Sir Thomas More 1478-1535 Catholic
49 Andrew Jackson 1767-1845 Presbyterian
50 Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826 raised Episcopalian; later no specific denomination
held Christian, Deist, Unitarian beliefs
51 Meriwether Lewis 1774-1809
52 John Quincy Adams 1767-1848 Unitarian
53 Amelia Earhart 1897-1937
54 General James H. "Jimmy" Doolittle 1896-1993
55 Admiral Chester W. Nimitz 1885-1966
56 Admiral David Glasgow Farragut 1801-1870
57 Colin Powell 1937- Episcopalian
58 Nathan Hale 1755-1776
59 Alexander Hamilton 1757-1804 Episcopalian
60 Giuseppi Garibaldi 1807-1882 Catholic
61 Admiral Horatio Nelson 1758-1805
62 Admiral George Dewey 1837-1917
63 Moshe Dayan 1915-1981 Jewish
64 Golda Meir 1898-1978 Judaism
65 William "Wild Bill" Donovan 1883-1959
66 Lord Louis Mountbatten 1900-1976 Episcopalian
67 Mohandas "Mahatma" Gandhi 1969-1948 Hindu (mother was a Jain)
68 Ralph Bunche 1904-1971
69 Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. 1887-1944
70 Captain Edward "Eddie" Rickenbacker 1890-1973
71 Lieutenant Giuseppe Petrosino, NYPD 1860-1909
72 Melvin Purvis 1903-1960
73 Lou Gehrig 1903-1941 Lutheran
74 George Herman "Babe" Ruth 1895-1948 Catholic
75 Joe Louis 1914-1981
76 Branch Rickey 1881-1965 Methodist
77 Jackie Robinson 1919-1972 Methodist
78 Admiral Richard E. Byrd 1888-1957
79 Eleanor Roosevelt 1884-1962 Episcopalian
80 Margaret Thatcher 1925-
81 Anwar el-Sadat 1918-1981 Islam
82 Edward R. Murrow 1908-1965
83 General George S. Patton 1885-1945
84 General Omar N. Bradley 1893-1981
85 General Jonathan Wainwright 1883-1953
86 Rudolph "Rudy" Giuliani 1944- Catholic
87 Chief Sitting Bull 1831-1890
88 Eugene V. Debs 1855-1926
89 Jane Addams 1860-1935
90 Willy Brandt 1913-1992
91 Haile Selassie 1891-1975
92 General Gouverneur Kemble Warren 1830-1882
93 John McCain III 1936- Episcopalian
94 Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North 1943-
95 Howard Hughes 1905-1976
96 Vaclav Havel 1936- Catholic
97 Todd Beamer 1969-2001
98 Sergeant Nathan Ross Chapman 1971-2002
99 Sir William Stephenson 1896-1989
100 Bob Hope 1903- Catholic
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